mopitt_ncar_ref_html.bib
@ARTICLE{2008_clerbaux.ea_carbon-monoxide,
author = {C. {Clerbaux} and D. P. {Edwards} and M. {Deeter} and L.
{Emmons} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and X. X. {Tie} and S. T.
{Massie} and J. {Gille}},
title = {{Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas
observed by the Terra/{MOPITT} mission}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2008},
month = FEB,
volume = {35},
pages = {3817-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007GL032300},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032300},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3503817C},
mailto = {ccl@aero.jussieu.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Serv Aeron, ISPL, F-75252 Paris 05,
France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Clerbaux, C, Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Serv Aeron, ISPL, BP
102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key species for tracking
pollution plumes. The Measurement Of Pollution in The
Troposphere (MOPITT) mission onboard the Terra satellite
has already provided 7.5 years of CO atmospheric
concentration measurements around the globe. Limited
sensitivity to the boundary layer is well known to be a
weakness of nadir looking thermal infrared sounders. This
paper investigates the possibility of using the MOPITT
surface measurements to detect CO emitted by cities and
urban centers. By selecting the data and averaging them
over long time periods, we demonstrate that the CO
pollution arising from the large cities and urban areas can
be distinguished from the background transported pollution.
The more favorable observations are obtained during daytime
and at locations where the thermal contrast ( temperature
gradient) between the surface and lower atmosphere is
significant.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_arellano.ea_evaluating-model,
author = {A. F. Arellano and K. Raeder and J. L. Anderson and P. G.
Hess and L. K. Emmons and D. P. Edwards and G. G. Pfister
and T. L. Campos and G. W. Sachse},
title = {{Evaluating model performance of an ensemble-based
chemical data assimilation system during {INTEX}-{B} field
mission}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {7},
pages = {5695--5710},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.5695A},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Earth & Sun
Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res,
Inst Math Appl Geosci, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Langley
Res Ctr, Chem Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
Earth & Sun Syst Lab, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{We present a global chemical data assimilation system
using a global atmosphere model, the Community Atmosphere
Model (CAM3) with simplified chemistry and the Data
Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) assimilation package.
DART is a community software facility for assimilation
studies using the ensemble Kalman filter approach. Here, we
apply the assimilation system to constrain global
tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) by assimilating
meteorological observations of temperature and horizontal
wind velocity and satellite CO retrievals from the
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
satellite instrument. We verify the system performance
using independent CO observations taken on board the
NSF/NCAR C-130 and NASA DC-8 aircrafts during the April
2006 part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport
Experiment (INTEX-B). Our evaluations show that MOPITT data
assimilation provides significant improvements in terms of
capturing the observed CO variability relative to no MOPITT
assimilation (i.e. the correlation improves from 0.62 to
0.71, significant at 99% confidence). The assimilation
provides evidence of median CO loading of about 150 ppbv at
700 hPa over the NE Pacific during April 2006. This is
marginally higher than the modeled CO with no MOPITT
assimilation (similar to 140 ppbv). Our ensemble-based
estimates of model uncertainty also show model
overprediction over the source region (i.e. China) and
underprediction over the NE Pacific, suggesting model
errors that cannot be readily explained by emissions alone.
These results have important implications for improving
regional chemical forecasts and for inverse modeling of CO
sources and further demonstrate the utility of the
assimilation system in comparing non-coincident
measurements, e.g. comparing satellite retrievals of CO
with in-situ aircraft measurements.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_bian.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {H. {Bian} and M. {Chin} and S. R. {Kawa} and B. {Duncan}
and A. {Arellano} and P. {Kasibhatla}},
title = {{Sensitivity of global {CO} simulations to uncertainties
in biomass burning sources}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = DEC,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {23308-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD008376},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008376},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11223308B},
mailto = {bian@rondo.gsfc.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore,
MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospher
Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Duke Univ,
Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Bian, H, Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr,
Baltimore, MD 21228 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{One of the largest uncertainties for the modeling of
tropospheric carbon monoxide ( CO) concentration is the
timing, location, and magnitude of biomass burning
emissions. We investigate the sensitivity of simulated CO
in the Unified Chemistry Transport Model ( UCTM) to several
biomass burning emissions, including four bottom-up and two
top-down inventories. We compare the sensitivity
experiments with observations from MOPITT, surface and
airborne NOAA Global Monitoring Division network data, and
the TRACE-P field campaign. The variation of the global
annual emissions of these six biomass burning inventories
is within 30%; however, their regional variations are often
much higher ( factor of 2 - 5). These uncertainties
translate to about 6% variation in the global simulated CO
but more than a 100% variation in some regions. The annual
mean CO variation is greater in the Southern Hemisphere (>
12%) than in the Northern Hemisphere (< 5%), largely
because biomass burning is a higher percentage of the total
source in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparisons with CO
observations indicate that each model inventory has its
strengths and shortcomings, and these regional variations
are examined. Overall the model CO concentrations are
within the observed range of variability at most stations
including Ascension Island, which is strongly influenced by
fire emissions. In addition, we discuss the systematic
biases that exist in the inventories developed by the
similar methodologies and original satellite data.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_bousserez.ea_evaluation-of,
author = {N. {Bousserez} and J. L. {Atti{\'e}} and V. H. {Peuch} and
M. {Michou} and G. {Pfister} and D. {Edwards} and L.
{Emmons} and C. {Mari} and B. {Barret} and S. R. {Arnold}
and A. {Heckel} and A. {Richter} and H. {Schlager} and A.
{Lewis} and M. {Avery} and G. {Sachse} and E. V. {Browell}
and J. W. {Hair}},
title = {{Evaluation of the {MOCAGE} chemistry transport model
during the {ICARTT}/{ITOP} experiment}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = MAY,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {10-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007595},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007595},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11210S42B},
mailto = {attjl@aero.obs-mip.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Toulouse 3, OMP, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, F-31057 Toulouse,
France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ
Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst Atmospher Sci, Leeds LS2
9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Inst Environm Phys, D-28334
Bremen, Germany. Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst
Phys Atmosphare, D-82230 Operpfaffenhofen, Wessling,
Germany. Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire,
England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
contact = {Bousserez, N, Univ Toulouse 3, OMP, Lab Aerol, 14 Ave
Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{[1] Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors
(ITOP), part of International Consortium for Atmospheric
Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT), was a
large experimental campaign designed to improve our
understanding of the chemical transformations within plumes
during long-range transport (LRT) of pollution from North
America to Europe. This campaign took place in July and
August 2004, when a strong fire season occurred in North
America. Burning by-products were transported over large
distances, sometimes reaching Europe. A chemical transport
model, Modelisation de la Chimie Atmospherique Grande
Echelle (MOCAGE), with a high grid resolution (0.5 degrees
x 0.5 degrees) over the North Atlantic area and a daily
inventory of biomass burning emissions over the United
States, has been used to simulate the period. By comparing
our results with available aircraft in situ measurements
and satellite data (MOPITT CO and SCIAMACHY NO2), we show
that MOCAGE is capable of representing the main
characteristics of the tropospheric ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon
chemistry during the ITOP experiment. In particular, high
resolution allows the accurate representation of the
pathway of exported pollution over the Atlantic, where
plumes were transported preferentially at 6 km altitude.
The model overestimates OH mixing ratios up to a factor of
2 in the lower troposphere, which results in a global
overestimation of hydrocarbons oxidation by-products ( PAN
and ketones) and an excess of O-3 ( 30 - 50 ppbv) in the
planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the continental United
States. Sensitivity study revealed that lightning NO
emissions contributed significantly to the NOx budget in
the upper troposphere of northeast America during the
summer 2004.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_deeter.ea_retrievals-of,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille}},
title = {{Retrievals of carbon monoxide profiles from {MOPITT}
observations using lognormal a priori statistics}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {11311-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007999},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007999},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11211311D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] Optimal estimation methods, such as the ``maximum a
posteriori'' solution, are commonly employed for retrieving
profiles of atmospheric trace gases from satellite
observations. To complement the information actually
contained in the measured radiances, such methods exploit a
priori information describing the gases' variability
characteristics. We show that in situ surface-based data
sets for carbon monoxide ( CO) volume mixing ratio (VMR)
indicate that the variability of CO is more accurately
modeled in terms of a ``lognormal'' probability
distribution function (PDF) than a ``VMR-normal'' PDF. The
VMR-normal PDF is particularly poor at describing CO
variability in unpolluted conditions. We also compare
retrievals of carbon monoxide ( CO) vertical profiles based
on Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
observations for 1 day using both VMR-normal and lognormal
statistical models. Use of the lognormal model improves
retrieval convergence and yields fewer profiles with
unphysically small VMR values. Generally, these results
highlight the importance of properly representing the
variability of trace gas concentrations in optimal
estimation-based retrieval algorithms.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_deeter.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille} and
J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Sensitivity of {MOPITT} observations to carbon monoxide
in the lower troposphere}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = DEC,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {24306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007JD008929},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008929},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11224306D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Dalhousie
Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2,
Canada.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{The sensitivity of Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) observations to carbon monoxide (CO)
concentrations in the lower troposphere (LT) varies widely
as the result of variability in thermal contrast
conditions. This effect is evident in both the MOPITT
weighting functions and averaging kernels, particularly
after these quantities are properly normalized to remove
grid effects. Comparisons of simulated weighting functions
and averaging kernels with operational data confirm the
significance of thermal contrast effects. Retrieval
sensitivity to LT CO is greatest in daytime observations
over land, particularly in tropical and midlatitude regions
exhibiting large diurnal variations in surface temperature.
Nighttime observations over land typically exhibit poor
sensitivity to LT CO. On the global scale, analysis of
MOPITT averaging kernels for 1 month indicates that daytime
MOPITT observations offer useful sensitivity to LT CO over
large areas of most continents. Exceptions include tropical
rainforests in Africa and South America, where thermal
contrast conditions are relatively weak.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_emmons.ea_measurements-of,
author = {L. K. {Emmons} and G. G. {Pfister} and D. P. {Edwards} and
J. C. {Gille} and G. {Sachse} and D. {Blake} and S. {Wofsy}
and C. {Gerbig} and D. {Matross} and P. {N{\'e}d{\'e}lec}},
title = {{Measurements of {Pollution} in the {Troposphere}
{(MOPITT)} validation exercises during summer 2004 field
campaigns over {North} {America}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = MAR,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {12-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007833},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007833},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11212S02E},
mailto = {emmons@ucar.edu drblake@uci.edu wofsy@fas.harvard.edu
cgerbig@bgc-jena.mpg.de nedp@aero.obs-mip.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Natl
Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307
USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA
02138 USA. CNRS, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NASA,
Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA 23681
USA.},
contact = {Emmons, LK, Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697
USA.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_kampe.ea_remote-sensing,
author = {T. U. {Kampe} and I. N. {Sokolik}},
title = {{Remote sensing retrievals of fine mode aerosol optical
depth and impacts on its correlation with {CO} from biomass
burning}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {34},
pages = {12806-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007GL029805},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029805},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3412806K},
mailto = {isokolik@eas.gatech.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ATOC, Boulder,
CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher
Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.},
contact = {Kampe, TU, Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci,
ATOC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{It has been suggested that simultaneous satellite
measurements of mid-visible fine mode aerosol optical depth
tau(f) and CO concentrations can aid in improving the
characterization of biomass burning in chemical transport
models. However different approaches for retrieving tau(f)
have recently been proposed. Using MODIS and MOPITT data,
we examine the impact these have on the regression slope
between enhancements of tau(f) and CO (Delta tau(f)/Delta
CO) for representative biomass burning cases, including
savanna and extratropical forests. Both MODIS Collection 4
and recent Collection 5 aerosol products are used in our
study. We find that tau(f) varies systematically with
retrieval method causing systematic differences in the
slope of regression. Regardless of method used, noticeable
differences in regression slope are observed for different
types of biomass burning. Our results point out the need
for consistency in defining tau(f) between satellite
measurements and models if the Delta tau(f)/Delta CO ratio
is to be used as a constraint.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_liang.ea_summertime-influence,
author = {Q. Liang and L. Jaegle and R. C. Hudman and S. Turquety
and D. J. Jacob and M. A. Avery and E. V. Browell and G. W.
Sachse and D. R. Blake and W. Brune and X. Ren and R. C.
Cohen and J. E. Dibb and A. Fried and H. Fuelberg and M.
Porter and B. G. Heikes and G. Huey and H. B. Singh and P.
O. Wennberg},
title = {{Summertime influence of {Asian} pollution in the free
troposphere over {North} {America}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
volume = {112},
pages = {},
mailto = {liang@code916.gsfc.nasa.gov jaegle@atmos.washington.edu
hudman@fas.harvard.edu turquety@aero.jussieu.fr
djacob@fas.harvard.edu melody.a.avery@nasa.gov
e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov
drblake@uci.edu brune@ems.psu.edu ren@essc.psu.edu
cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu jack.dibb@unh.edu fried@ucar.edu
fuelberg@met.fsu.edu mporter@met.fsu.edu
bheikes@gsu.uri.edu greg.huey@eas.gatech.edu
hanwant.b.singh@nasa.gov wennberg@gps.caltech.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195
USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138
USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ
Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Penn State
Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ
Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ New
Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee,
FL 32306 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Oceanog, Narragansett,
RI 02881 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher
Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett
Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.},
contact = {Liang, Q, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt Rd,
Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] We analyze aircraft observations obtained during
INTEX-A ( 1 July to 14 August 2004) to examine the
summertime influence of Asian pollution in the free
troposphere over North America. By applying correlation
analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to the
observations between 6 and 12 km, we find dominant
influences from recent convection and lightning (13% of
observations), Asia (7%), the lower stratosphere ( 7%), and
boreal forest fires (2%), with the remaining 71% assigned
to background. Asian air masses are marked by high levels
of CO, O-3, HCN, PAN, C2H2, C6H6, methanol, and SO42-. The
partitioning of NOy species in the Asian plumes is
dominated by PAN ( similar to 600 pptv), with varying
NOx/HNO3 ratios in individual plumes, consistent with
individual transit times of 3 - 9 days. Export of Asian
pollution occurred in warm conveyor belts of midlatitude
cyclones, deep convection, and in typhoons. Compared to
Asian outflow measurements during spring, INTEX-A
observations display lower levels of anthropogenic
pollutants (CO, C3H8, C2H6, C6H6) due to shorter summer
lifetimes; higher levels of biogenic tracers ( methanol and
acetone) because of a more active biosphere; and higher
levels of PAN, NOx, HNO3, and O-3 reflecting active
photochemistry, possibly enhanced by efficient NOy export
and lightning. The high Delta O-3/Delta CO ratio (0.76
mol/mol) in Asian plumes during INTEX-A is due to strong
photochemical production and, in some cases, mixing with
stratospheric air along isentropic surfaces. The GEOS-Chem
global model captures the timing and location of the Asian
plumes. However, it significantly underestimates the
magnitude of observed enhancements in CO, O-3, PAN and
NOx.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_peng.ea_analysis-of,
author = {L. Peng and C. S. Zhao},
title = {{Analysis of carbon monoxide budget in {North} {China}}},
journal = {Chemosphere},
year = {2007},
volume = {66},
pages = {1383--1389},
mailto = {zcs@pku.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R
China. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing 100081, Peoples R
China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Hong
Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Struct Engn, Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, Peoples R China.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871,
Peoples R China.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{A global chemical transport model (MOZART-2; model of
ozone and related tracers, version 2) was used to assess
physical and chemical processes that control the budget of
tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) in North China. Satellite
observations of CO from the measurements of pollution in
the troposphere (MOPITT) instrument are combined with model
results for the analysis. The comparison between the model
simulations and the satellite observations of total column
CO (TCO) shows that the model can reproduce the spatial and
temporal distributions. However, the model results
underestimate TCO by 23% in North China. This
underestimation of TCO may be caused by the uncertainties
of emissions. The tropospheric CO budget analysis suggests
that in North China, surface emission is the largest source
of tropospheric CO. The main sinks of tropospheric CO in
this region are chemical reaction and
stratosphere(-)and(-)troposphere exchange. The analysis
also shows that most of inflow CO to Pacific regions comes
from the upwind regions of North China. This transport of
CO is significant during Winter and Spring time. (c) 2006
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}},
issn = {0045-6535}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_turquety.ea_inventory-of,
author = {S. Turquety and J. A. Logan and D. J. Jacob and R. C.
Hudman and F. Y. Leung and C. L. Heald and R. M. Yantosca
and S. L. Wu and L. K. Emmons and D. P. Edwards and G. W.
Sachse},
title = {{Inventory of boreal fire emissions for {North} {America}
in 2004: {Importance} of peat burning and pyroconvective
injection}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = APR,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {12-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007281},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007281},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11212S03T},
mailto = {stu@aero.jussieu.fr},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci,
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth &
Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Langley Res
Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Paris 06, Inst Pierre
Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris, France.},
contact = {Turquety, S, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {20},
abstract = {{The summer of 2004 was one of the largest fire seasons on
record for Alaska and western Canada. We construct a daily
bottom-up fire emission inventory for that season,
including consideration of peat burning and high-altitude
(buoyant) injection, and evaluate it in a global chemical
transport model (the GEOS-Chem CTM) simulation of CO
through comparison with MOPITT satellite and ICARTT
aircraft observations. The inventory is constructed by
combining daily area burned reports and MODIS fire hot
spots with estimates of fuel consumption and emission
factors based on ecosystem type. We estimate the
contribution from peat burning using drainage and peat
distribution maps for Alaska and Canada; 17% of the
reported 5.1 x 10(6) ha burned were located in peatlands in
2004. Our total estimate of North American fire emissions
during the summer of 2004 is 30 Tg CO, including 11 Tg from
peat. Including peat burning in the GEOS-Chem simulation
improves agreement with MOPITT observations. The long-range
transport of fire plumes observed by MOPITT suggests that
the largest fires injected a significant fraction of their
emissions in the upper troposphere.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_zhao.ea_high-co,
author = {C. S. Zhao and L. Peng and X. X. Tie and Y. P. Lin and C.
C. Li and X. D. Zheng and Y. Y. Fang},
title = {{A high {CO} episode of long-range transport detected by
{MOPITT}}},
journal = {Water Air Soil Pollut.},
year = {2007},
volume = {178},
pages = {207--216},
mailto = {zcs@pku.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871,
Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307
USA. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing 100081, Peoples R
China.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{Recent developments in satellite remote sensing
technologies resulted in the ability to observe major
pollution events such as dust and smoke around the world on
a daily basis. Satellite imagery can sometimes detect
long-range transport episodes. In this paper, a high CO
episode at remote GAW station, Mt. Waliguan, detected by
MOPITT CO dataset during the end of April 2002, is
described. CO concentrations above 600 hPa almost doubled
on 27 April and CMDL surface sample measurements also
observed this significant CO enhancement. Using NCEP data,
satellite fire products data and backward trajectory model
we suggest that this high CO episode of 27 April is not a
local pollution event, but that it is due to long-range
transport from active biomass burning and biofuel burning
areas located in the border areas of Pakistan and India.
The trajectory cluster analysis shows that the origins of
5-day backward trajectories, for air masses reaching Mt.
Waliguan station, at all altitudes, mainly overlap with the
fire spot locations detected by TRMM data and biofuel
burning in India.}},
issn = {0049-6979}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_arellano.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {A. F. Arellano and P. G. Hess},
title = {{Sensitivity of top-down estimates of {CO} sources to
{GCTM} transport}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2006},
volume = {33},
pages = {},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {4},
abstract = {{Estimates of CO sources derived from inversions using
satellite observations still exhibit discrepancies. Here,
we conduct controlled inverse analyses to elucidate the
influence of model transport on the robustness of regional
CO source estimates. We utilized Model of Ozone and Related
chemical Tracers global chemical transport models (GCTM)
driven by National Centers for Environmental Prediction and
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast
reanalyses, and GEOS-Chem GCTM driven by Global Modeling
and Assimilation Office assimilated meteorology to generate
response functions for prescribed regional CO sources. We
find that inter-model differences in CO due to differences
in transport are within 10 - 30% of inter-model mean CO
concentration. However, these differences can translate to
regionally significant spread in source estimates. While we
find that CO source estimates for East Asia and North
Africa are reasonably robust, we find inconsistencies and
inter-model spread of greater than 40% in our source
estimates for Indonesia, South America, Europe and Russia.
This indicates the need for rigorous assessment on
uncertainties in top-down source estimates through model
inter-comparisons and ensemble approaches.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_arellano.ea_time-dependent-inversion,
author = {A. F. {Arellano} and P. S. {Kasibhatla} and L. {Giglio}
and G. R. {van der Werf} and J. T. {Randerson} and G. J.
{Collatz}},
title = {{Time-dependent inversion estimates of global
biomass-burning {CO} emissions using {Measurement} of
{Pollution} in the {Troposphere} {(MOPITT)} measurements}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = MAY,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {9303-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006613},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006613},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11109303A},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC
27708 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA. Vrije
Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam,
Netherlands. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr,
Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {7},
abstract = {{[ 1] We present an inverse-modeling analysis of CO
emissions using column CO retrievals from the Measurement
of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and a
global chemical transport model (GEOS-CHEM). We first focus
on the information content of MOPITT CO column retrievals
in terms of constraining CO emissions associated with
biomass burning and fossil fuel/biofuel use. Our analysis
shows that seasonal variation of biomass-burning CO
emissions in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia can
be characterized using monthly mean MOPITT CO columns. For
the fossil fuel/biofuel source category the derived monthly
mean emission estimates are noisy even when the error
statistics are accurately known, precluding a
characterization of seasonal variations of regional CO
emissions for this source category. The derived estimate of
CO emissions from biomass burning in southern Africa during
the June - July 2000 period is significantly higher than
the prior estimate ( prior, 34 Tg; posterior, 13 Tg). We
also estimate that emissions are higher relative to the
prior estimate in northern Africa during December 2000 to
January 2001 and lower relative to the prior estimate in
Central America and Oceania/Indonesia during April - May
and September - October 2000, respectively. While these
adjustments provide better agreement of the model with
MOPITT CO column fields and with independent measurements
of surface CO from National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics
Laboratory at background sites in the Northern Hemisphere,
some systematic differences between modeled and measured CO
fields persist, including model overestimation of
background surface CO in the Southern Hemisphere.
Characterizing and accounting for underlying biases in the
measurement model system are needed to improve the
robustness of the top-down estimates.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_edwards.ea_satellite-observed-pollution,
author = {D. P. {Edwards} and L. K. {Emmons} and J. C. {Gille} and
A. {Chu} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and L. {Giglio} and S. W.
{Wood} and J. {Haywood} and M. N. {Deeter} and S. T.
{Massie} and D. C. {Ziskin} and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Satellite-observed pollution from {Southern} {Hemisphere}
biomass burning}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = JUL,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {14312-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006655},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006655},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11114312E},
mailto = {edwards@ucar.edu emmons@ucar.edu gille@ucar.edu
achu@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov attjl@aero.obs-mip.fr
giglio@hades.gsfc.nasa.gov s.wood@niwa.co.nz
jim.haywood@metoffice.gov.uk mnd@ucar.edu massie@ucar.edu
ziskin@ucar.edu james.drummond@utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ
Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol,
Baltimore, MD USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, F-31400 Toulouse,
France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res Ltd, Lauder, Cent
Otago, New Zealand. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. Univ
Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada.},
contact = {Edwards, DP, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {13},
abstract = {{[1] Biomass burning is a major source of pollution in the
tropical Southern Hemisphere, and fine mode carbonaceous
particles are produced by the same combustion processes
that emit carbon monoxide ( CO). In this paper we examine
these emissions with data from the Terra satellite, CO
profiles from the Measurement of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument, and fine-mode aerosol
optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer ( MODIS). The satellite measurements are
used in conjunction with calculations from the MOZART
chemical transport model to examine the 2003 Southern
Hemisphere burning season with particular emphasis on the
months of peak fire activity in September and October.
Pollutant emissions follow the occurrence of dry season
fires, and the temporal variation and spatial distributions
of MOPITT CO and MODIS AOD are similar. We examine the
outflow from Africa and South America with emphasis on the
impact of these emissions on clean remote regions. We
present comparisons of MOPITT observations and ground-based
interferometer data from Lauder, New Zealand, which
indicate that intercontinental transport of biomass burning
pollution from Africa often determines the local air
quality. The correlation between enhancements of AOD and CO
column for distinct biomass burning plumes is very good
with correlation coefficients greater than 0.8. We present
a method using MOPITT and MODIS data for estimating the
emission ratio of aerosol number density to CO
concentration which could prove useful as input to modeling
studies. We also investigate decay of plumes from African
fires following export into the Indian Ocean and compare
the MOPITT and MODIS measurements as a way of estimating
the regional aerosol lifetime. Vertical transport of
biomass burning emissions is also examined using CO profile
information. Low-altitude concentrations are very high
close to source regions, but further downwind of the
continents, vertical mixing takes place and results in more
even CO vertical distributions. In regions of significant
convection, particularly in the equatorial Indian Ocean,
the CO mixing ratio is greater at higher altitudes,
indicating vertical transport of biomass burning emissions
to the upper troposphere.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_edwards.ea_southern-hemisphere,
author = {D. P. {Edwards} and G. {P{\'e}tron} and P. C. {Novelli}
and L. K. {Emmons} and J. C. {Gille} and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Southern {Hemisphere} carbon monoxide interannual
variability observed by {Terra/Measurement} of {Pollution}
in the {Troposphere} {(MOPITT)}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = AUG,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {16303-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007079},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007079},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11116303E},
mailto = {edwards@ucar.edu gabrielle.petron@noaa.gov
paul.c.novelli@noaa.gov emmons@ucar.edu gille@ucar.edu
james.drummond@utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Earth
Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1AS, Canada.},
contact = {Edwards, DP, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {3},
abstract = {{[ 1] Biomass burning is an annual occurrence in the
tropical Southern Hemisphere (SH) and represents a major
source of regional pollution. Vegetation fires emit carbon
monoxide ( CO), which because of its medium lifetime is an
excellent tracer of tropospheric transport. CO is also one
of the few tropospheric trace gases currently observed from
satellite, and this provides long-term global measurements.
In this paper, we use the 5-year CO data record from the
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument to examine the interannual variability of the SH
CO loading and show how this relates to climate conditions
which determine the intensity of fire sources. The MOPITT
observations show an annual austral springtime peak in the
SH zonal CO loading each year with dry season biomass
burning emissions in South America, southern Africa, the
maritime continent, and northwestern Australia. Although
fires in southern Africa and South America typically
produce the greatest amount of CO, the most significant
interannual variation is due to varying fire activity and
emissions from the maritime continent and northern
Australia. We find that this variation in turn correlates
well with the El Nino - Southern Oscillation precipitation
index. Between 2000 and 2005, emissions were greatest in
late 2002, and an inverse modeling of the MOPITT data using
the Model of Ozone Research in the Troposphere (MOZART)
chemical transport model estimates the Southeast Asia
regional fire source for the year August 2002 to September
2003 to be 52 Tg CO. Comparison of the MOPITT retrievals
and NOAA surface network measurements indicate that the
latter do not fully capture the interannual variability or
the seasonal range of the CO zonal average concentration
because of biases associated with atmospheric and
geographic sampling.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_kar.ea_carbon-monoxide,
author = {J. {Kar} and J. R. {Drummond} and D. B. A. {Jones} and J.
{Liu} and F. {Nichitiu} and J. {Zou} and J. C. {Gille} and
D. P. {Edwards} and M. N. {Deeter}},
title = {{Carbon monoxide {(CO)} maximum over the {Zagros}
mountains in the {Middle} {East:} {Signature} of mountain
venting?}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2006},
month = AUG,
volume = {33},
pages = {15819-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006GL026231},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026231},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3315819K},
mailto = {jkar@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Natl
Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Kar, J, Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A7, Canada.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{We report an intriguing feature observed in daytime
measurements of CO over the Middle East, in spring and
summer, by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere
(MOPITT) satellite instrument. Enhanced CO is observed over
the Zagros mountains of Iran, following the local
topography over this region ( 25 - 40N, 40 - 60E). The
MOPITT averaging kernels do not seem to indicate any data
artifacts in this area. We argue that this feature likely
forms by the process of mountain venting by thermal winds
caused by strong daytime differential heating. This is
consistent with an analysis of vertical velocity in the
NCEP reanalysis data in this region. The phenomenon was
observed in all the years of available MOPITT measurements
and may have implications for the pollution episodes in the
region and the Middle East ozone maximum that has been
observed earlier.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_liu.ea_large-horizontal,
author = {J. {Liu} and J. R. {Drummond} and D. B. A. {Jones} and Z.
{Cao} and H. {Bremer} and J. {Kar} and J. {Zou} and F.
{Nichitiu} and J. C. {Gille}},
title = {{Large horizontal gradients in atmospheric {CO} at the
synoptic scale as seen by spaceborne {Measurements} of
{Pollution} in the {Troposphere}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = JAN,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {2306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006076},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006076},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11102306L},
mailto = {jliu@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
Meteorol Serv Canada Ontario, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6,
Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Liu, J, Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A7, Canada.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{[1] We have examined the influence of synoptic processes
on the distribution of atmospheric CO as observed by the
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
satellite instrument. In the MOPITT data, large horizontal
gradients in CO, coherent at the synoptic scale, have been
observed. The concentration of CO varies rapidly by as much
as 50 - 100% across distances of similar to 100 km, forming
distinct boundaries in the CO distribution. These can last
one to several days and span horizontal distances of 600 -
1000 km. On average, such events were observed in the
MOPITT CO daily images once every 3 - 4 days over North
America in spring and summer 2000. We focused on three case
studies over North America in August 2000 to understand the
mechanisms responsible for the large gradients in CO.
Through an analysis of meteorological data from the
National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National
Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis, parcel
trajectory modeling, and global three-dimensional chemical
transport modeling, we found that the large horizontal
gradients typically reflect the differential vertical and
horizontal transport of air with different chemical
signatures. In the first case, the large gradients in CO
over North Dakota resulted from the lifting ahead of a cold
front that transported boundary layer air enriched with CO
from forest fires in Montana, combined with the descent of
clean air from the Canadian Prairies behind the front. In
the second case, the large gradients over northeastern
Texas were produced by the convective lifting over Arkansas
of air with high concentrations of CO from the oxidation of
volatile organic compounds and the onshore transport of
clean air from the Gulf of Mexico. In the third case, we
examined an example of outflow of surface pollution from
North America by a cyclone. The largest gradients in this
case were observed along the boundary between the boundary
layer air transported by the warm conveyor belt ahead of
the cold front and the clean air transported from the
Atlantic by the semipermanent high-pressure system in the
central Atlantic. Our results demonstrate that MOPITT can
capture the influence of synoptic processes on the
horizontal and vertical distribution of CO. The large
gradients in COobserved on synoptic scales represent
valuable information that can be exploited to improve our
understanding of atmospheric CO. In particular, these
results suggest that the MOPITT observations provide a
useful data set with which to address a range of issues
from air quality on local/ regional scales to long-range
transport of pollution on continental/global scales.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_massie.ea_satellite-observations,
author = {S. T. Massie and J. C. Gille and D. P. Edwards and S.
Nandi},
title = {{Satellite observations of aerosol and {CO} over {Mexico}
city}},
journal = {Atmos. Environ.},
year = {2006},
volume = {40},
pages = {6019--6031},
mailto = {massie@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Massie, ST, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307
USA.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{The development of remote sensing satellite technology
potentially will lead to the technical means to monitor air
pollution emitted from large cities on a global basis. This
paper presents observations by the moderate resolution
imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and measurements of
pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) experiments of
aerosol optical depths and CO mixing ratios, respectively,
in the vicinity of Mexico City to illustrate current
satellite capabilities. MOPITT CO mixing ratios over Mexico
City, averaged between January-March 2002-2005, are 19%
above regional values and the CO plume extends over 10
degrees(2) in the free troposphere at 500 hPa. Time series
of Red Automatica de Monitoreo Ambiental (RAMA) PM10, and
(Aerosol Robotic Network) AERONET and MODIS aerosol optical
depths, and RAMA and MOPITT CO time series are
inter-compared to illustrate the different perspectives of
ground based and satellite instrumentation. Finally, we
demonstrate, by examining MODIS and MOPITT data in April
2003, that satellite data can be used to identify episodes
in which pollution form fires influences the time series of
ground based and satellite observations of urban pollution.
(c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}},
issn = {1352-2310}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_pradier.ea_evaluation-of,
author = {S. {Pradier} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and M. {Chong} and J.
{Escobar} and V.-H. {Peuch} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and B.
{Khattatov} and D. {Edwards}},
title = {{Evaluation of 2001 springtime {CO} transport over {West}
{Africa} using {MOPITT} {CO} measurements assimilated in a
global chemistry transport model}},
journal = {Tellus Ser. B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol.},
year = {2006},
month = JUL,
volume = {58},
pages = {163--176},
doi = {10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00185.x},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00185.x},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006TellB..58..163P},
mailto = {stephanie.pradier@cnrm.meteo.fr},
affiliation = {CNRM, Meteo France, Toulouse, France. CNRS, UPS, UMR 5560,
Lab Aerol, Toulouse, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, ACD,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Pradier, S, CNRM, Meteo France, Av Coriolis, Toulouse,
France.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{The global chemistry and transport model MOCAGE (Modele
de Chimie Atmospherique a Grande Echelle) is used to
investigate the contribution of transport to the carbon
monoxide (CO) distribution over West Africa during spring
2001. It is constrained with the CO profiles provided by
the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument through a sequential assimilation technique
based on a suboptimal Kalman filter. The improvement of
tropospheric CO distribution from MOCAGE is evaluated by
comparing the model results (with and without assimilation)
with the MOPITT CO concentrations observed during the
analysed period (between 2001 March 15 to 2001 April 30),
and also with independent in situ CMDL and TRACE-P
observations. The initial overestimation in high CO
emissions areas (Africa, SE Asia and NW coast of South
America) is considerably reduced by using the MOPITT CO
assimilation. We analysed the assimilated CO for a period
of three successive 15 d periods in terms of average fields
over West Africa and contributions to the CO budget of
transport and chemical sources. It is found that the
horizontal and vertical CO distributions are strongly
dependent on the characteristics of the large-scale flows
during spring, marked by the onset of the low-level
southerly monsoon flow and the gradual increase of the
well-known African and tropical easterly jets at middle and
upper levels, respectively. Total transport by the mean
flow (horizontal plus vertical advection) is important in
the CO budget since it mostly compensates the local sink or
source generated by chemical reactions and small-scale
processes. The major source of CO is concentrated in the
lower troposphere (1000-800 hPa) mainly due to convergent
low-level flow advecting CO from surrounding regions and
surface emissions (biomass burning). Vertical transport
removes 70% of this low-level CO and redistributes it in
the middle troposphere (800-400 hPa) where chemical
reactions and horizontal exports contribute to the loss of
CO. A lesser proportion is transported upwards into upper
troposphere, and then horizontally, out of the considered
domain.}},
issn = {0280-6509}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_shindell.ea_multimodel-simulations,
author = {D. T. {Shindell} and G. {Faluvegi} and D. S. {Stevenson}
and M. C. {Krol} and L. K. {Emmons} and J.-F. {Lamarque}
and G. {P{\'e}tron} and F. J. {Dentener} and K. {Ellingsen}
and M. G. {Schultz} and O. {Wild} and M. {Amann} and C. S.
{Atherton} and D. J. {Bergmann} and I. {Bey} and T.
{Butler} and J. {Cofala} and W. J. {Collins} and R. G.
{Derwent} and R. M. {Doherty} and J. {Drevet} and H. J.
{Eskes} and A. M. {Fiore} and M. {Gauss} and D. A.
{Hauglustaine} and L. W. {Horowitz} and I. S. A. {Isaksen}
and M. G. {Lawrence} and V. {Montanaro} and J.-F.
{M{\"u}ller} and G. {Pitari} and M. J. {Prather} and J. A.
{Pyle} and S. {Rast} and J. M. {Rodriguez} and M. G.
{Sanderson} and N. H. {Savage} and S. E. {Strahan} and K.
{Sudo} and S. {Szopa} and N. {Unger} and T. P. C. {van
Noije} and G. {Zeng}},
title = {{Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: {Comparison}
with observations and projected near-future changes}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = OCT,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {19306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007100},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007100},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11119306S},
mailto = {dshindell@giss.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York,
NY 10025 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH8
9YL, Midlothian, Scotland. SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht,
Netherlands. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Wageningen,
Netherlands. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Global Monitoring Div, Earth
Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Commiss European
Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil,
I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, N-0317 Oslo,
Norway. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Frontier Res Ctr
Global Change, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Int Inst
Appl Syst Anal, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Lawrence
Livermore Natl Lab, Div Atmospher Sci, Livermore, CA 94550
USA. Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England. Rdscientific,
Newbury RG14 6LH, Berks, England. Royal Netherlands
Meteorol Inst, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. NOAA,
Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Lab Sci
Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ
Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Inst
Aeron Spatiale Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Univ
Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB2 1EW,
England. Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Greenbelt, MD
21228 USA.},
contact = {Shindell, DT, Columbia Univ, NASA, Goddard Inst Space
Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.},
cited = {13},
abstract = {{We analyze present-day and future carbon monoxide (CO)
simulations in 26 state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry
models run to study future air quality and climate change.
In comparison with near-global satellite observations from
the MOPITT instrument and local surface measurements, the
models show large underestimates of Northern Hemisphere
(NH) extratropical CO, while typically performing
reasonably well elsewhere. The results suggest that
year-round emissions, probably from fossil fuel burning in
east Asia and seasonal biomass burning emissions in
south-central Africa, are greatly underestimated in current
inventories such as IIASA and EDGAR3.2. Variability among
models is large, likely resulting primarily from intermodel
differences in representations and emissions of nonmethane
volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and in hydrologic
cycles, which affect OH and soluble hydrocarbon
intermediates. Global mean projections of the 2030 CO
response to emissions changes are quite robust. Global mean
midtropospheric (500 hPa) CO increases by 12.6 +/- 3.5 ppbv
(16%) for the high-emissions (A2) scenario, by 1.7 +/- 1.8
ppbv (2%) for the midrange (CLE) scenario, and decreases by
8.1 +/- 2.3 ppbv (11%) for the low-emissions (MFR)
scenario. Projected 2030 climate changes decrease global
500 hPa CO by 1.4 +/- 1.4 ppbv. Local changes can be much
larger. In response to climate change, substantial effects
are seen in the tropics, but intermodel variability is
quite large. The regional CO responses to emissions changes
are robust across models, however. These range from
decreases of 10-20 ppbv over much of the industrialized NH
for the CLE scenario to CO increases worldwide and
year-round under A2, with the largest changes over central
Africa (20-30 ppbv), southern Brazil (20-35 ppbv) and south
and east Asia (30-70 ppbv). The trajectory of future
emissions thus has the potential to profoundly affect air
quality over most of the world's populated areas.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_tie.ea_chemical-characterization,
author = {X. X. Tie and G. P. Brasseur and C. S. Zhao and C. Granier
and S. Massie and Y. Qin and P. C. Wang and G. L. Wang and
P. C. Yang and A. Richter},
title = {{Chemical characterization of air pollution in {Eastern}
{China} and the {Eastern} {United} {States}}},
journal = {Atmos. Environ.},
year = {2006},
volume = {40},
pages = {2607--2625},
mailto = {zcs@pku.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871,
Peoples R China. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
IPSL, Serv Aeronomie, Paris, France. Univ Bremen, Bremen,
Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany.
Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100864,
Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307
USA.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {12},
abstract = {{Satellite data (MODIS, GOME, and MOPITT) together with a
chemical transport global model of the atmosphere
(MOZART-2) are used to characterize air pollution in
Eastern China and the Eastern US to assess the differences
between the photochemical conditions in these two regions.
Observations show that aerosol concentrations (both fine
(radius < 0.5 mu m) and coarse modes (radius > 0.5 mu m))
are higher in Eastern China than in the Eastern US. The NOx
concentrations in both regions are substantially higher
than in remote regions such as over the oceans (150
compared to 5 (10(14)##cm(-2)) over the Pacific Ocean). The
CO concentrations are high in both urbanized areas (30
compared to 10 (10(17)#cm(-2)) over the Pacific Ocean).
However, the concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons
from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources are
considerably lower in Eastern China than in the Eastern US.
As a result, the rate of photochemical ozone production and
ozone concentrations during summer is significantly lower
in Eastern China (daily averaged concentrations of 40-50
ppbv in summer) than in the Eastern US (daily averaged
values of 60-70 ppbv). The analysis also shows that in
Eastern China, the O-3 production is mainly due to the
oxidation of carbon monoxide (54% of total O-3 production),
while, in the Eastern US, the O-3 production is attributed
primarily to the oxidation of reactive hydrocarbons (68% of
total O-3 production). The results also indicate that
biogenic emissions of hydrocarbons contribute substantially
to the production of O-3 in the Eastern US. The O-3
production due to the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons
represents approximately one third of total O-3
photochemical production in this region. Measurements of
surface ozone in the Eastern US and Eastern China seem to
support that the summer ozone production is lower in
Eastern China than in the Eastern US. However, additional
surface measurements, especially of reactive hydrocarbons
and ozone are needed in Eastern China in order to improve
the present analysis and to confirm our current
conclusions. A sensitivity study shows that with increase
in anthropogenic emissions of HCs, the surface ozone
concentrations significantly increase in Eastern China,
indicating that the increase in the emissions of HCs plays
an important role for the enhancement in surface ozone in
this region. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}},
issn = {1352-2310}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_zhao.ea_analysis-of,
author = {C. S. Zhao and X. X. Tie and G. L. Wang and Y. Qin and P.
C. Yang},
title = {{Analysis of air quality in eastern {China} and its
interaction with other regions of the world}},
journal = {J. Atmos. Chem.},
year = {2006},
volume = {55},
pages = {189--204},
mailto = {xxtie@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871,
Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307
USA. Chinese Acad, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R
China.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {3},
abstract = {{In this study, we used satellite data (GOME and MOPITT)
together with a global chemical-transport-model of
atmosphere (MOZART-2) to characterize the chemical/aerosol
composition over eastern China. We then estimated the
effects of local emissions in China on the chemical budgets
in other regions of the world. Likewise, we also
investigated the effects of air pollution from other
regions on the chemical budget over eastern China. The
study shows that the column CO and NOx concentrations are
also high in eastern China. The high CO and NOx
concentrations produce modest levels of O-3 concentrations
during summer (about 40 to 50 ppbv) and very low O-3 during
winter (about 10 to 20 ppbv) in eastern China. The
calculated NO2 column is fairly consistent from the GOME
measurement. The calculated CO column is underestimated
from the MOPITT measurement. One of the reasons of the
underestimation of the predicted CO is due to a fact that
the CO emissions were taken without considering the rapid
increase of emissions from 1990 to 2000. The calculated
surface O-3 is consistent with the measured values, with
strong seasonal variations. However, the measurement is
very limited, and more measurements in eastern China will
be needed. The column NO2 has a very strong seasonal
variation in eastern China, with the highest concentrations
during winter and the lowest concentrations during summer.
The cause of this seasonal variability is mainly due to the
seasonal changes in the chemical loss of NOx, which is very
high in summer and very low during winter. The effects of
the local emissions in China and long-range transport from
other regions on the chemical distributions in eastern
China are studied. The results show that NOx concentrations
in eastern China are mostly caused by the local emissions
in China, especially during the winter. The CO
concentration over eastern China is from both the local
emissions (30% to 40%) and the transport from other
regions. Likewise, the CO emissions in China have an
important effect on the other regions of the world, but the
effect is limited in the northern hemisphere. The local
emissions in China also have an important effect on surface
O-3 concentrations. During winter, the local emissions
reduce the surface O-3 concentrations by 30 to 50%. During
summer, the local emissions produce about 50 to 70% of the
O-3 concentration in eastern China.}},
issn = {0167-7764}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_ho.ea_estimates-of,
author = {S. P. Ho and D. P. Edwards and J. C. Gille and J. M. Chen
and D. Ziskin and G. L. Francis and M. N. Deeter and J. R.
Drummond},
title = {{Estimates of 4.7 {Mm} surface emissivity and their impact
on the retrieval of tropospheric carbon monoxide by
{Measurements} of {Pollution} in the {Troposphere}
{(MOPITT)}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2005},
month = NOV,
volume = {110},
number = D9,
pages = {21308-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD005946},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005946},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..11021308H},
mailto = {spho@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Ho, SP, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] Carbon monoxide ( CO) is an important tropospheric
trace species. The Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument uses the 4.7 mu m CO band
to measure the global CO profile and total column amount in
the troposphere from space. In the operational MOPITT CO
retrieval algorithm, surface skin temperature (T-s) and
emissivity ( E) are retrieved simultaneously with the CO
profile. However, because both Ts and E are retrieved from
the same piece of information from the MOPITT measurements,
the accuracy of both variables may be limited, which leads
to an increase of uncertainty in the CO retrievals. An
accurate specification of the surface skin temperature is
required to determine surface emissivity and vice versa. In
this study, a method is developed which uses Ts from the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and
MOPITT radiances to derive an improved 4.7 mu m surface
emissivity estimate ( E) for use in retrievals by the
MOPITT instrument. Monthly mean 4.7 mu m surface emissivity
maps for 1 year are generated and used as the a priori E in
the MOPITT Ts and CO retrieval algorithm. We show that the
geographical distribution of the 4.7 mu m emissivity is
very consistent with MODIS normalized difference vegetation
index distribution, which is strongly tied to the surface
emissivity. This a priori E has a much smaller standard
deviation than values currently used in the MOPITT
retrieval. As a result, more radiance information tends to
be used in the MOPITT T-s and CO retrievals. By using the
improved a priori E over the land, the information content
of MOPITT radiances increases 15% at night and 5% during
the day relative to the current version MOPITT data
products. The difference between day and night information
content ( or diurnal difference) decreases from 0.3 (
current version) to 0.21, showing that nighttime retrievals
are improved. Over the global ocean the diurnal difference
of the MOPITT information content decreases from 0.15 (
current version) to 0.06. The differences between the new
profile retrievals and those of current profile retrievals
are very consistent with their corresponding diurnal and
geographical information content distributions. Over the
global ocean the new MOPITT CO profile is lower by 3 - 11%
during the night in the lower troposphere. Over the global
land the new CO profile is higher by 3.2% in the lower
troposphere during the night. The differences between the
new profile retrieval and those of current retrieval are
small during the day.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_liu.ea_satellite-mapping,
author = {J. Liu and J. R. Drummond and Q. B. Li and J. C. Gille and
D. C. Ziskin},
title = {{Satellite mapping of {CO} emission from forest fires in
{Northwest} {America} using {MOPITT} measurements}},
journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},
year = {2005},
volume = {95},
pages = {502--516},
mailto = {jliu@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Natl Ctr
Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Liu, J, Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A7, Canada.},
cited = {7},
abstract = {{We present a study on MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution
In The Troposphere) detection of CO emission from large
forest fires in the year 2000 in the northwest United
States. Fire data used are from the space-borne Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at 1 -km
resolution. The study shows that MOPITT can reliably detect
CO plumes from forest fires whenever there are > 30 AVHRR
hotspots in a 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees grid, which is
comparable to the pixel area of MOPITT in the region. The
spatial CO pattern during the fire events is found to be
consistent with the location and density of AVHRR hotspots
and wind direction. While the increase of CO abundance
inside the study area is closely correlated to the
AVHRR-derived hotspot number in general (R > 0.75), the
non-linearity of fire emission with fuel consumption is
also observed. MOPITT can also capture the temporal
variation in CO emission from forest fires through 3 -day
composites so it may offer an opportunity to enhance our
knowledge of temporal fire emission over large areas. The
CO emission is quantitatively estimated with a one-box
model. The result is compared with a bottom-up approach
using surface data including burnt area, biomass density,
and fire emission factors. If mean emission factors for the
region are used, the bottom-up approach results in total
emission estimates which are 10%-50% lower than the
MOPITT-based estimate. In spite of the limitations and
uncertainties addressed in this study, MOPITT data may
provide a useful constraint on uncertain ground-based fire
emission estimates. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.}},
issn = {0034-4257}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_pfister.ea_effects-of,
author = {G. Pfister and J. C. Gille and D. Ziskin and G. Francis
and D. P. Edwards and M. N. Deeter},
title = {{Effects of a spectral surface reflectance on measurements
of backscattered solar radiation: {Application} to the
{MOPITT} methane retrieval}},
journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.},
year = {2005},
volume = {22},
pages = {566--574},
mailto = {pfister@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol,
Graz, Austria. Jet Propuls Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci,
Pasadena, CA USA.},
contact = {Pfister, G, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{The amount of solar radiation emerging from the top of
the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the reflectance of
the underlying surface. For this reason, some information
about the magnitude and the spectral variability of the
surface reflectance typically has to be included in the
retrieval of atmospheric parameters from reflected solar
radiation measurements. Sufficient information about the
surface reflectance properties is rarely available, and the
integration of this effect in the retrieval might turn out
to be a challenge, especially for broadband instruments. In
this paper the focus is on the Measurements of Pollution in
the Troposphere (MOPITT) remote sensing instrument.
Theoretical studies are performed to investigate how a
spectrally varying surface reflectance might impact the
retrieval of the total column amount of methane from MOPITT
radiance measurements, and the current findings are
compared to observed biases. However, the findings present
herein might be valuable and applicable for other remote
sensing instruments that are sensitive to the amount of
solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface.}},
issn = {0739-0572}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_pfister.ea_quantifying-co,
author = {G. {Pfister} and P. G. {Hess} and L. K. {Emmons} and J.-F.
{Lamarque} and C. {Wiedinmyer} and D. P. {Edwards} and G.
{P{\'e}tron} and J. C. {Gille} and G. W. {Sachse}},
title = {{Quantifying {CO} emissions from the 2004 {Alaskan}
wildfires using {MOPITT} {CO} data}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2005},
month = JUN,
volume = {32},
pages = {11809-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005GL022995},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022995},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3211809P},
mailto = {pfister@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA
23681 USA.},
contact = {Pfister, G, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {40},
abstract = {{We present an inverse model analysis to quantify the
emissions of wildfires in Alaska and Canada in the summer
of 2004 using carbon monoxide (CO) data from the
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
remote sensing instrument together with the chemistry
transport model MOZART ( Model for Ozone and Related
Chemical Tracers). We use data assimilation outside the
region of the fires to optimally constrain the CO
background level and the transport into that region.
Inverse modeling is applied locally to quantify the fire
emissions. Our a posteriori estimate of the wildfire
emissions gives a total of 30 +/- 5 Tg CO emitted during
June - August 2004 which is of comparable order to the
anthropogenic emissions for the continental US. The
simulated CO fields have been evaluated by comparison with
MOPITT and independent aircraft data.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_shindell.ea_inferring-carbon,
author = {D. T. {Shindell} and G. {Faluvegi} and L. K. {Emmons}},
title = {{Inferring carbon monoxide pollution changes from
space-based observations}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2005},
month = DEC,
volume = {110},
number = D9,
pages = {23303-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006132},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006132},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRD..11023303S},
mailto = {dshindell@giss.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10027
USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Shindell, DT, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York,
NY 10025 USA.},
cited = {7},
abstract = {{We compare space-based measurements of carbon monoxide (
CO) during April 1994 and October 1984 and 1994 from the
early MAPS instrument with those during 2000-2004 from the
MOPITT instrument. We show that a three-dimensional global
composition model can be used to account for differences in
retrieval sensitivity between the two instruments and
between the different years of MOPITT data. This allows
direct comparison of CO amounts over most of the globe at
different times. These types of changes in short-lived
constituents cannot be assessed with local measurements.
Though the existing space-based data are too sparse both
temporally and geographically to allow trend estimates, we
find substantial variations in midtropospheric CO between
the different years in many continental-scale regions.
During April, average CO is similar to 12-18 ppbv (similar
to 10-20%) greater during 2000-2004 than during 1994 over
North America, southeast Asia and North Africa though the
global mean value is nearly the same. During October 1994,
observations show CO enhancements of 15-20 ppbv relative to
1984 or 2000-2004 over South America and a similar, though
slightly smaller (9-19 ppbv), enhancement globally.
Southeast Asia, Europe and North America all show similar
October CO levels in 1994 and 2000-2004, with both times
showing substantially more pollution (13-29 ppbv) than
1984. Variations over Europe and Africa are consistent in
both seasons, while changes elsewhere are not. Changes over
southeast Asia and North Africa are substantially in excess
of interannual variability, while those over North and
South America and southern Africa are only marginally so.
Model sensitivity studies examining the response to changes
in emissions indicate probable causes of the CO changes
over different regions. Over southeast Asia and North
America, CO is most sensitive to industrial and biomass
burning emissions, implying that changes in these sources
likely account for the 13-29 ppbv increases seen there
between 2000-2004 and earlier years. Over North Africa, CO
is strongly influenced by numerous sources as well as
meteorology, precluding attribution of increases to
particular factors. Over South America and southern Africa,
variations in both biomass burning and isoprene emissions
likely contributed to the similar to 10-20 ppbv changes.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2005_yurganov.ea_increased-northern,
author = {L. N. {Yurganov} and P. {Duchatelet} and A. V. {Dzhola}
and D. P. {Edwards} and F. {Hase} and I. {Kramer} and E.
{Mahieu} and J. {Mellqvist} and J. {Notholt} and P. C.
{Novelli} and A. {Rockmann} and H. E. {Scheel} and M.
{Schneider} and A. {Schulz} and A. {Strandberg} and R.
{Sussmann} and H. {Tanimoto} and V. {Velazco} and J. R.
{Drummond} and J. C. {Gille}},
title = {{Increased {Northern} {Hemispheric} carbon monoxide burden
in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the
ground and from space}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2005},
month = FEB,
volume = {5},
pages = {563--573},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ACP.....5..563Y},
mailto = {leonid@jamstec.go.jp},
affiliation = {JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Yokohama,
Kanagawa, Japan. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys,
Liege, Belgium. Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow,
Russia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, ASF,
IMK, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. Chalmers Univ Technol,
S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Bremen, D-2800 Bremen 33,
Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder,
CO 80303 USA. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, IFU, IMK,
Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar
& Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. Natl Inst Environm Studies,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada.},
contact = {Yurganov, LN, JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change,
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.},
cited = {15},
abstract = {{Carbon monoxide total column amounts in the atmosphere
have been measured in the High Northern Hemisphere
(30degrees - 90degrees N, HNH) between January 2002 and
December 2003 using infrared spectrometers of high and
moderate resolution and the Sun as a light source. They
were compared to ground-level CO mixing ratios and to total
column amounts measured from space by the Terra/MOPITT
instrument. All these data reveal increased CO abundances
in 2002 - 2003 in comparison to the unperturbed 2000 - 2001
period. Maximum anomalies were observed in September 2002
and August 2003. Using a simple two-box model, the
corresponding annual CO emission anomalies (referenced to
2000 - 2001 period) have been found equal to 95 Tg in 2002
and 130 Tg in 2003, thus close to those for 1996 and 1998.
A good correlation with hot spots detected by a satellite
radiometer allows one to assume strong boreal forest fires,
occurred mainly in Russia, as a source of the increased CO
burdens.}},
issn = {1680-7324}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_bremer.ea_spatial-and,
author = {H. Bremer and J. Kar and J. R. Drummond and F. Nichitu and
J. S. Zou and J. Liu and J. C. Gille and M. N. Deeter and
G. Francis and D. Ziskin and J. Warner},
title = {{Spatial and temporal variation of {MOPITT} {CO} in
{Africa} and {South} {America:} {A} comparison with
{SHADOZ} ozone and {MODIS} aerosol}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = JUN,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {12304-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JD004234},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004234},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10912304B},
mailto = {hbremer@uni-bremen.de},
affiliation = {Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada. Natl
Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.},
contact = {Bremer, H, Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359
Bremen, Germany.},
cited = {15},
abstract = {{Carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Measurements
of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) experiment are
used to explore the correlation between biomass burning and
ozone profiles at six tropical stations namely Reunion,
Irene, Natal, Ascension, San Cristobal, and Paramaribo.
Distinct seasonal patterns of CO at each station indicate
the strong influence of African and South American biomass
burning. All stations show enhanced CO columns during
September-November ( SON) corresponding to austral burning.
Furthermore, the effects of Sahelian burning can be seen at
Natal and Ascension. Similarly, the signature of northern
Amazonian fires can be observed at San Cristobal. The CO
variations are generally similar to the variations of
aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved contemporaneously
from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
at most stations, with notable differences at Irene, San
Cristobal, and Paramaribo. Tropospheric ozone from Southern
Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde (SHADOZ) ozonesonde
measurements at all stations show elevated levels,
corresponding to the CO enhancements in SON months.
However, there are several instances of ozone enhancements
unaccompanied by any CO increase. This might indicate that
sources other than biomass burning such as stratospheric
tropospheric exchange (STE) or lightning related NOx may be
operative. At San Cristobal, strong CO enhancements during
March April are not accompanied by any significant change
in ozone.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_crawford.ea_relationship-between,
author = {J. H. {Crawford} and C. L. {Heald} and H. E. {Fuelberg}
and D. M. {Morse} and G. W. {Sachse} and L. K. {Emmons} and
J. C. {Gille} and D. P. {Edward} and M. N. {Deeter} and G.
{Chen} and J. R. {Olson} and V. S. {Connors} and C.
{Kittaka} and A. J. {Hamlin}},
title = {{Relationship between {Measurements} of {Pollution} in the
{Troposphere} {(MOPITT)} and in situ observations of {CO}
based on a large-scale feature sampled during {TRACE-P}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = MAY,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {15-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JD004308},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004308},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10915S04C},
mailto = {james.h.crawford@nasa.gov heald@fas.harvard.edu
fuelberg@met.fsu.edu g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov
emmons@ucar.edu gille@ncar.ucar.edu
edward@uars1.acd.ucar.edu mnd@ucar.edu g.chen@larc.nasa.gov
j.r.olson@larc.nasa.gov vickie@stormy.larc.nasa.gov
c.kittaka@larc.nasa.gov reh@mtu.edu},
affiliation = {NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Harvard
Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306
USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Crawford, JH, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 483,
Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{During Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific
(TRACE-P), there were several opportunities to perform in
situ sampling coincident with overpasses of the
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument on board the EOS Terra satellite. This sampling
consisted of in situ vertical profiles of CO by NASA's DC-8
aircraft intended to provide data useful for validating
MOPITT observations of CO column. One particular profile
conducted over the central North Pacific revealed a layer
of pollution characterized by CO mixing ratios more than
double background values. Sampling of the surrounding
region by both the NASA DC-8 and P-3B aircraft showed this
layer to have a considerable geographic extent, at least
25degrees longitude (similar to2500 km) and 4degrees
latitude (similar to400 km). Using back trajectory
analysis, this polluted layer is followed back in time and
compared with four consecutive MOPITT overpasses. MOPITT
observations during these four overpasses agree well with
the location of the layer as inferred by the trajectories;
however, the detected CO column amount increases backward
in time by just over 20%. Further analysis shows that the
majority of this change in detected column abundance is
consistent with two factors: ( 1) changes in the thickness
of the polluted layer over time (9 +/- 3%) and (2) changes
in retrieved column abundance due to the altitude of the
layer (7 +/- 3%). This demonstrates that there are both
real and artificial sources of variability that must be
understood before MOPITT observations can be quantitatively
useful. An unexpected finding was the difference in the
variance of MOPITT observations depending on whether
observations were taken under daylight or nighttime
conditions. The variance in daytime observations of the
polluted layer was approximately double that for nighttime
data. The results of this analysis indicate that targeted
in situ sampling of large-scale pollution events can
provide insight leading to more realistic interpretation of
MOPITT observations. Strategies for sampling such events
repeatedly during their evolution could also provide more
interesting opportunities for validation.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_deeter.ea_evaluation-of,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and L. K. {Emmons} and G. L. {Francis} and
D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille} and J. X. {Warner} and B.
{Khattatov} and D. {Ziskin} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and S.-P.
{Ho} and V. {Yudin} and J.-L. {Attie} and D. {Packman} and
J. {Chen} and D. {Mao} and J. R. {Drummond} and P.
{Novelli} and G. {Sachse}},
title = {{Evaluation of operational radiances for the
{Measurements} of {Pollution} in the {Troposphere}
{(MOPITT)} instrument {CO} thermal band channels}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = FEB,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {3308-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JD003970},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003970},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10903308D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu emmons@ucar.edu gfrancis@ucar.edu
edwards@ucar.edu gille@ucar.edu juying@ucar.edu
boris@ucar.edu ziskin@ucar.edu lamar@ucar.edu spho@ucar.edu
vyudin@ucar.edu attjl@aero.obs-mip.fr pack@ucar.edu
jschen@ucar.edu dmao@ucar.edu
jim@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca pnovelli@cmdl.noaa.gov
g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400
Toulouse, France. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S
1A7, Canada. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab,
Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA
23681 USA.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {11},
abstract = {{The ability of operational radiative transfer models to
accurately predict remote sensing instrument observations
(e.g., calibrated radiances) over a wide variety of
geophysical situations is critical to the performance of
trace gas retrieval algorithms. As part of the validation
of the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere
(MOPITT) satellite instrument, we present a technique for
comparing operational calibrated thermal band (4.7 mum)
Earth-view MOPITT radiances with corresponding values
calculated using the MOPITT operational radiative transfer
model. In situ carbon monoxide (CO) profiles sampled from
aircraft in coordination with MOPITT overpasses serve as
the foundation for MOPITT validation. Characteristics of
radiance errors due to in situ sampling characteristics, CO
temporal and spatial variability, and surface emissivity
are discussed. Results indicate that radiance biases for
most of the MOPITT thermal channel radiances are typically
on the order of 1%. Observed radiance biases are largest
and most variable for the pressure modulation cell
difference-signal radiances, probably because of the lack
of in situ data in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_deeter.ea_vertical-resolution,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and L. K. {Emmons} and D. P. {Edwards} and
J. C. {Gille} and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Vertical resolution and information content of {CO}
profiles retrieved by {MOPITT}}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2004},
month = AUG,
volume = {31},
pages = {15112-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL020235},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020235},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3115112D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON, Canada.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {36},
abstract = {{The MOPITT ( Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere) remote sensing instrument monitors the global
distribution of carbon monoxide from a polar-orbiting
platform. Calculated averaging kernels for operational
MOPITT CO profiles indicate the capability of independently
retrieving mid- and upper-tropospheric CO. The information
content in MOPITT retrievals is objectively quantified
through calculation of the Degrees of Freedom for Signal
(DFS), which indicates the number of independent pieces of
information in the retrieved profile. DFS values larger
than 1 ( indicating some amount of profile shape
information) are common in tropical and midlatitude scenes.
The existence of shape information in actual MOPITT
retrieved profiles is also verified through ( 1) a
quantitative comparison with in-situ data acquired as part
of MOPITT validation and ( 2) a qualitative comparison with
monthly mean rain rate ( as an index for convection) in the
Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_edwards.ea_observations-of,
author = {D. P. {Edwards} and L. K. {Emmons} and D. A.
{Hauglustaine} and D. A. {Chu} and J. C. {Gille} and Y. J.
{Kaufman} and G. {P{\'e}tron} and L. N. {Yurganov} and L.
{Giglio} and M. N. {Deeter} and V. {Yudin} and D. C.
{Ziskin} and J. {Warner} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and G. L.
{Francis} and S. P. {Ho} and D. {Mao} and J. {Chen} and E.
I. {Grechko} and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the
{Terra} satellite: {Northern} {Hemisphere} variability}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = DEC,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {24202-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD004727},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004727},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10924202E},
mailto = {edwards@ucar.edu emmons@ucar.edu hauglustaine@cea.fr
achu@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov gille@ucar.edu
kaufman@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov gap@ucar.edu
leonid@jamstec.go.jp giglio@hades.gsfc.nasa.gov
mnd@ucar.edu vyudin@ucar.edu ziskin@ucar.edu
juying@ucar.edu lamar@ucar.edu gfrancis@ucar.edu
spho@ucar.edu dmao@ucar.edu jschen@ucar.edu
grechko@ifaran.ru james.drummond@utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Lab Sci
Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Univ
Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol,
Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr,
Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Frontier Res Syst Global Change,
Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Obukhov
Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow 109017, Russia. Univ Toronto,
Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1AS, Canada.},
contact = {Edwards, DP, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {34},
abstract = {{Measurements from the Terra satellite launched in
December of 1999 provide a global record of the recent
interannual variability of tropospheric air quality: carbon
monoxide (CO) from the Measurement of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and aerosol optical depth
(AOD) from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS). This paper compares and
contrasts these data sets with a view to understanding the
general features of the overall pollutant loading of the
Northern Hemisphere (NH). We present a detailed examination
of the seasonal and recent interannual variability of the
fine mode AOD and CO column, first considering the
variation of the global zonal average for both quantities,
and then concentrating on several geographical regions with
the aim of isolating different emissions. In a zonal sense,
the principal NH sources are related to anthropogenic urban
and industrial activity. We show that both the CO and the
AOD zonal seasonal variations reflect the atmospheric
oxidant concentration, which determines the primary sink of
CO and the production of sulfate aerosol. As a consequence,
the seasonal cycles are several months out of phase, with
perturbations resulting from sporadic wildfire or
biomass-burning emissions. In these cases, carbonaceous
particles dominate the AOD, and this results in the best
correlation with the CO column. Of the 4 years of data
available from the Terra satellite, the winter and spring
of 2002-2003 showed anomalously high NH pollution compared
to the previous years. This was a result of fires in
western Russia in the late summer and fall of 2002 and
intense fires in the southeast of Russia in the spring and
summer of 2003. We examine these events using fire counts
from MODIS to indicate the burning regions and investigate
how the timing of the fires in relation to atmospheric
oxidant concentrations affects the resultant seasonal
pollutant loadings. Finally, we trace the emissions from
these fires to indicate how intense local pollution sources
can impact continental- and global-scale air quality.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_emmons.ea_validation-of,
author = {L. K. {Emmons} and M. N. {Deeter} and J. C. {Gille} and D.
P. {Edwards} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and J. {Warner} and D.
{Ziskin} and G. {Francis} and B. {Khattatov} and V. {Yudin}
and J.-F. {Lamarque} and S.-P. {Ho} and D. {Mao} and J. S.
{Chen} and J. {Drummond} and P. {Novelli} and G. {Sachse}
and M. T. {Coffey} and J. W. {Hannigan} and C. {Gerbig} and
S. {Kawakami} and Y. {Kondo} and N. {Takegawa} and H.
{Schlager} and J. {Baehr} and H. {Ziereis}},
title = {{Validation of {Measurements} of {Pollution} in the
{Troposphere} {(MOPITT)} {CO} retrievals with aircraft in
situ profiles}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = FEB,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {3309-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JD004101},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004101},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10903309E},
mailto = {emmons@ucar.edu mnd@ucar.edu gille@ucar.edu
edwards@ucar.edu attjl@aero.obs-mip.fr jamesw@ucar.edu
ziskin@ucar.edu gfrancis@ucar.edu boris@ucar.edu
vyudin@ucar.edu lamar@ucar.edu spho@ucar.edu dmao@ucar.edu
jschen@ucar.edu james.drummond@utoronto.ca
pnovelli@cmdl.noaa.gov g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov
coffey@ucar.edu jamesw@ucar.edu chg@io.harvard.edu
kawakami.shuji@jaxa.jp kondo@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp
takegawa@atmos.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp hans.schlager@dlr.de
janine.baehr@dlr.de ziereis@dlr.de},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400
Toulouse, France. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S
1A7, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate Monitoring &
Diagnost Lab, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Harvard Univ,
Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Japan
Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Off Space Applicat, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
3058505, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr,
Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys,
D-82234 Wessling, Germany.},
contact = {Emmons, LK, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {54},
abstract = {{Validation of the Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) retrievals of carbon monoxide (CO) has
been performed with a varied set of correlative data. These
include in situ observations from a regular program of
aircraft observations at five sites ranging from the Arctic
to the tropical South Pacific Ocean. Additional in situ
profiles are available from several short-term research
campaigns situated over North and South America, Africa,
and the North and South Pacific Oceans. These correlative
measurements are a crucial component of the validation of
the retrieved CO profiles and columns from MOPITT. The
current validation results indicate good quantitative
agreement between MOPITT and in situ profiles, with an
average bias less than 20 ppbv at all levels. Comparisons
with measurements that were timed to sample profiles
coincident with MOPITT overpasses show much less
variability in the biases than those made by various groups
as part of research field experiments. The validation
results vary somewhat with location, as well as a change in
the bias between the Phase 1 and Phase 2 retrievals (
before and after a change in the instrument configuration
due to a cooler failure). During Phase 1, a positive bias
is found in the lower troposphere at cleaner locations,
such as over the Pacific Ocean, with smaller biases at
continental sites. However, the Phase 2 CO retrievals show
a negative bias at the Pacific Ocean sites. These
validation comparisons provide critical assessments of the
retrievals and will be used, in conjunction with ongoing
improvements to the retrieval algorithms, to further reduce
the retrieval biases in future data versions.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_gros.ea_tracing-origin,
author = {V. {Gros} and J. {Williams} and M. G. {Lawrence} and R.
{von Kuhlmann} and J. {van Aardenne} and E. {Atlas} and A.
{Chuck} and D. P. {Edwards} and V. {Stroud} and M. {Krol}},
title = {{Tracing the origin and ages of interlaced atmospheric
pollution events over the tropical {Atlantic} {Ocean} with
in situ measurements, satellites, trajectories, emission
inventories, and global models}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = NOV,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {22306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD004846},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004846},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10922306G},
mailto = {valerie.gros@cea.fr vgros@mpch-mainz.mpg.de},
affiliation = {Max Planck Inst Chem, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. Natl Ctr
Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ E Anglia, Sch
Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ
Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, Utrecht,
Netherlands.},
contact = {Gros, V, CEA, CNRS, UMR 1572, Lab Sci Climat & Environm,
F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{[ 1] During a west to east crossing of the tropical
Atlantic Ocean in October - November 2002 on R/V Meteor
(M55), carbon monoxide ( CO) and ozone were continuously
monitored, and pressurized air samples were collected and
later analyzed in the laboratory for various volatile
organic compounds. A sequence of alternating CO and propane
rich events were observed over the east Atlantic, the
events of enhanced carbon monoxide being out of phase with
those observed for propane. A combined study of air mass
origin ( back trajectories and backward emission
sensitivity calculations) and source region distribution
comparison ( CO satellite data from MOPITT and propane
emission data from the EDGAR database) showed that the CO
events were due to African biomass burning emissions,
whereas the propane events were due to industrial emissions
from areas of northern Africa. Both events were associated
with elevated ozone. A comparison of the measured
concentrations of CO and propane with those simulated by
the global Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry-Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry (MATCH-MPIC) shows that the
model reproduces the general longitudinal gradient observed
for both compounds and simulates elevated CO concentrations
during the pollution events. However, it systematically
overestimates the CO mixing ratios. It is suggested that
the northern African biomass burning emissions used in the
model are not distributed correctly ( incorrect timing)
and, in particular, that too high emissions from the region
``northern Sudan-Sahel'' are used for this period. The
model does not capture the influence from industrial
emissions from northern Africa, which may be caused by too
strong diffusion of the plume.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_heald.ea_comparative-inverse,
author = {C. L. {Heald} and D. J. {Jacob} and D. B. A. {Jones} and
P. I. {Palmer} and J. A. {Logan} and D. G. {Streets} and G.
W. {Sachse} and J. C. {Gille} and R. N. {Hoffman} and T.
{Nehrkorn}},
title = {{Comparative inverse analysis of satellite {(MOPITT)} and
aircraft {(TRACE-P)} observations to estimate {Asian}
sources of carbon monoxide}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = DEC,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {23306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD005185},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005185},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10923306H},
mailto = {heald@fas.harvard.edu},
affiliation = {Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA
02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA
02138 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
AER Inc, Lexington, MA 02173 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys,
Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NASA, Langley Res Ctr,
Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439
USA.},
contact = {Heald, CL, Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci,
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.},
cited = {28},
abstract = {{We use an inverse model analysis to compare the top-down
constraints on Asian sources of carbon monoxide (CO) in
spring 2001 from (1) daily MOPITT satellite observations of
CO columns over Asia and the neighboring oceans and (2)
aircraft observations of CO concentrations in Asian outflow
from the TRACE-P aircraft mission over the northwest
Pacific. The inversion uses the maximum a posteriori method
(MAP) and the GEOS-CHEM chemical transport model (CTM) as
the forward model. Detailed error characterization is
presented, including spatial correlation of the model
transport error. Nighttime MOPITT observations appear to be
biased and are excluded from the inverse analysis. We find
that MOPITT and TRACE-P observations are independently
consistent in the constraints that they provide on Asian CO
sources, with the exception of southeast Asia for which the
MOPITT observations support a more modest decrease in
emissions than suggested by the aircraft observations. Our
analysis indicates that the observations do not allow us to
differentiate source types (i.e., anthropogenic versus
biomass burning) within a region. MOPITT provides ten
pieces of information to constrain the geographical
distribution of CO sources, while TRACE-P provides only
four. The greater information from MOPITT reflects its
ability to observe all outflow and source regions. We
conducted a number of sensitivity studies for the inverse
model analysis using the MOPITT data. Temporal averaging of
the MOPITT data (weekly and beyond) degrades the ability to
constrain regional sources. Merging source regions beyond
what is appropriate after careful selection of the state
vector leads to significant aggregation errors.
Calculations for an ensemble of realistic assumptions lead
to a range of inverse model solutions that has greater
uncertainty than the a posteriori errors for the MAP
solution. Our best estimate of total Asian CO sources is
361 Tg yr(-1), over half of which is attributed to east
Asia.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_kar.ea_evidence-of,
author = {J. {Kar} and H. {Bremer} and J. R. {Drummond} and Y. J.
{Rochon} and D. B. A. {Jones} and F. {Nichitiu} and J.
{Zou} and J. {Liu} and J. C. {Gille} and D. P. {Edwards}
and M. N. {Deeter} and G. {Francis} and D. {Ziskin} and J.
{Warner}},
title = {{Evidence of vertical transport of carbon monoxide from
{Measurements} of {Pollution} in the {Troposphere}
{(MOPITT)}}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2004},
month = DEC,
volume = {31},
pages = {23105-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL021128},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021128},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3123105K},
mailto = {jkar@atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca},
affiliation = {Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada.
Meteorol Serv Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada. Natl Ctr
Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Kar, J, Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, 60 St George St, Toronto,
ON M5S 1A7, Canada.},
cited = {14},
abstract = {{[ 1] Vertical profiles of carbon monoxide ( CO) mixing
ratio retrieved from MOPITT measurements have been
analyzed. We find that variations in the vertical structure
of CO can be detected in the MOPITT data. The Asian summer
monsoon plume in CO is observed for the first time as a
strong enhancement of CO in the upper troposphere ( UT)
over India and southern China indicating the effect of deep
convective transport. Similarly, zonal mean height latitude
cross-sections for the months of September-December, 2002
indicate deep convective transport of CO from biomass
burning in the southern tropics. These findings show that
MOPITT CO can provide valuable information on vertical
transport phenomena in the troposphere.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_lamarque.ea_application-of,
author = {J.-F. {Lamarque} and B. {Khattatov} and V. {Yudin} and D.
P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille} and L. K. {Emmons} and M. N.
{Deeter} and J. {Warner} and D. C. {Ziskin} and G. L.
{Francis} and S. {Ho} and D. {Mao} and J. {Chen} and J. R.
{Drummond}},
title = {{Application of a bias estimator for the improved
assimilation of {Measurements} of {Pollution} in the
{Troposphere} {(MOPITT)} carbon monoxide retrievals}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = AUG,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {16304-+},
doi = {10.1029/2003JD004466},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004466},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10916304L},
mailto = {lamar@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80305 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7,
Canada.},
contact = {Lamarque, JF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{[1] This study discusses an improved technique for the
assimilation of carbon monoxide retrievals from the
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument in a chemistry-transport model using a
suboptimal Kalman filter. An online bias estimator
algorithm is employed to identify systematic biases in the
model and account for them during the assimilation. Results
suggest a large decline ( both locally and globally) in the
observation minus forecast diagnostics and provide insights
about possible model deficiencies by enabling explicit
examination of model biases.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_niu.ea_carbon-monoxide,
author = {J. G. Niu and M. N. Deeter and J. C. Gille and D. P.
Edwards and D. C. Ziskin and G. L. Francis and A. J. Hills
and M. W. Smith},
title = {{Carbon Monoxide Total Column Retrievals by Use of the
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere Airborne Test
Radiometer}},
journal = {Appl. Optics},
year = {2004},
month = AUG,
volume = {43},
pages = {4685--4696},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApOpt..43.4685N},
mailto = {niu@ariel.tamu.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Niu, JG, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
Airborne Test Radiometer (MATR) uses gas correlation filter
radiometry from high-altitude aircraft to measure
tropospheric carbon monoxide. This radiometer is used in
support of the ongoing validation campaign for the MOPITT
instrument aboard the Earth Observation System Terra
satellite. A recent study of MATR CO retrievals that used
data from the autumn of 2001 in the western United States
is presented. Retrievals of the CO total column were
performed and compared to in situ sampling with less than
10% retrieval error. Effects that influence retrieval, such
as instrument sensitivity, retrieval sensitivity, and the
bias between observations and the radiative transfer model,
are discussed. Comparisons of MATR and MOPITT retrievals
show promising consistency. A preliminary interpretation of
MATR results is also presented. (C) 2004 Optical Society of
America.}},
issn = {0003-6935}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_petron.ea_monthly-co,
author = {G. {P{\'e}tron} and C. {Granier} and B. {Khattatov} and V.
{Yudin} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and L. {Emmons} and J. {Gille}
and D. P. {Edwards}},
title = {{Monthly {CO} surface sources inventory based on the
2000-2001 {MOPITT} satellite data}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2004},
month = NOV,
volume = {31},
pages = {21107-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL020560},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020560},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3121107P},
mailto = {gap@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Adv Study
Program, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron,
Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Aeron
Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol,
Hamburg, Germany.},
contact = {Petron, G, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Adv
Study Program, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {32},
abstract = {{This paper presents results of the inverse modeling of
carbon monoxide surface sources on a monthly and regional
basis using the MOPITT (Measurement Of the Pollution In The
Troposphere) CO retrievals. The targeted time period is
from April 2000 to March 2001. A sequential and
time-dependent inversion scheme is implemented to correct
an a priori set of monthly mean CO sources. The a
posteriori estimates for the total anthropogenic (fossil
fuel + biofuel + biomass burning) surface sources of CO in
TgCO/yr are 509 in Asia, 267 in Africa, 140 in North
America, 90 in Europe and 84 in Central and South America.
Inverting on a monthly scale allows one to assess a
corrected seasonality specific to each source type and each
region. Forward CTM simulations with the a posteriori
emissions show a substantial improvement of the agreement
between modeled CO and independent in situ observations.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_pfister.ea_evaluation-of,
author = {G. {Pfister} and G. {P{\'e}tron} and L. K. {Emmons} and J.
C. {Gille} and D. P. {Edwards} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and
J.-L. {Attie} and C. {Granier} and P. C. {Novelli}},
title = {{Evaluation of {CO} simulations and the analysis of the
{CO} budget for {Europe}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2004},
month = OCT,
volume = {109},
number = D18,
pages = {19304-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD004691},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004691},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10919304P},
mailto = {pfister@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol,
Graz, Austria. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Adv Study Program,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, F-75252
Paris, France. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400
Toulouse, France. NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303
USA. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. NOAA,
Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.},
contact = {Pfister, G, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {7},
abstract = {{CO is a well-suited indicator for the transport of
pollutants in the troposphere on a regional and global
scale. For the study presented here, simulations of CO
concentrations from a global chemistry transport model
(MOZART-2), with the CO being tagged according to the
emission type and the source region, have been used to
diagnose the contributions of different processes and
regions to the CO burden over Europe. Model simulations
have been performed with both a priori emissions and an
optimized set of CO surface emissions derived from the
inversion of CO retrievals of the Measurements of Pollution
in the Troposphere (MOPITT) remote sensing instrument. The
annual mean difference between the modeled and the observed
CO at 850 hPa over Europe is -38 +/- 13 ppb with the a
priori set of emissions and -7 +/- 7 ppb when the optimized
emissions are employed in the model. The general
difficulties arising from an intercomparison of remote
sensing data with model simulations are discussed. Besides
data from MOPITT, ground-based CO measurements have been
employed in the evaluation of the model and its emissions.
The comparisons show that the model represents the
background conditions as well as large-scale transport
relatively well. The budget analysis reveals the
predominant impact of the European emissions on CO
concentrations near the surface, and a strong impact of
sources from Asia and North America on the CO burden in the
free troposphere over Europe. On average, the largest
contribution (67%) to the anthropogenic (fossil and biofuel
sources, biomass burning) CO at the surface originates from
regional anthropogenic sources, but further significant
impact is evident from North America (14%) and Asia (15%).
With increasing altitude, anthropogenic CO from Asia and
North America gains in importance, reaching maximum
contributions of 32% for North American CO at 500 hPa and
50% for Asian CO at 200 hPa. The impact of European
emissions weakens with increasing altitude (8% at 500
hPa).}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2004_yudin.ea_assimilation-of,
author = {V. A. {Yudin} and G. {P{\'e}tron} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and
B. V. {Khattatov} and P. G. {Hess} and L. V. {Lyjak} and J.
C. {Gille} and D. P. {Edwards} and M. N. {Deeter} and L. K.
{Emmons}},
title = {{Assimilation of the 2000-2001 {CO} {MOPITT} retrievals
with optimized surface emissions}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2004},
month = OCT,
volume = {31},
pages = {20105-+},
doi = {10.1029/2004GL021037},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021037},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GeoRL..3120105Y},
mailto = {vyudin@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA.},
contact = {Yudin, VA, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {4},
abstract = {{The multi-year retrievals of carbon monoxide ( CO) by the
MOPITT ( Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere)
instrument onboard the NASA Terra satellite provide an
opportunity for the first time to study quantitatively the
transport and sources of pollution in the mid-troposphere.
This paper presents the assimilation of the Phase I ( March
3, 2000 - May 6, 2001) MOPITT retrievals with optimized CO
emissions constrained by monthly MOPITT CO data. The
observed-minus-forecast (OmF) CO distributions illustrate
improvement of this data analysis compared with the
assimilation that employs climatological surface fluxes.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2003_deeter.ea_operational-carbon,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and L. K. {Emmons} and G. L. {Francis} and
D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille} and J. X. {Warner} and B.
{Khattatov} and D. {Ziskin} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and S.-P.
{Ho} and V. {Yudin} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and D. {Packman}
and J. {Chen} and D. {Mao} and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Operational carbon monoxide retrieval algorithm and
selected results for the {MOPITT} instrument}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2003},
month = JUL,
volume = {108},
pages = {4399-+},
doi = {10.1029/2002JD003186},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003186},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRD..108.4399D},
mailto = {},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Observ Midi Pyrenees, Lab Aerol, F-31400
Toulouse, France. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S
1A7, Canada.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {83},
abstract = {{[1] Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
is a new remote sensing instrument aboard the Earth
Observing System (EOS) ``Terra'' satellite which exploits
gas correlation radiometry principles to quantify
tropospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and
methane (CH4). The MOPITT CO retrieval algorithm employs a
nonlinear optimal estimation method to iteratively solve
for the CO profile which is statistically most consistent
with both the satellite-measured radiances and a priori
information. The algorithm's theoretical basis is described
in terms of the observed radiances and their weighting
functions, the a priori information, and the retrieval
averaging kernels. Examples of actual CO retrievals over
scenes with contrasting pollution conditions are
demonstrated, and interpreted in the context of the
retrieval averaging kernels and a priori.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2003_edwards.ea_tropospheric-ozone,
author = {D. P. {Edwards} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}}
and L. K. {Emmons} and A. {Richter} and J.-P. {Cammas} and
J. C. {Gille} and G. L. {Francis} and M. N. {Deeter} and