mopitt_ref_html.bib
@ARTICLE{2008_bowman.ea_impact-of,
author = {K. W. {Bowman} and D. {Jones} and J. {Logan} and H.
{Worden} and F. {Boersma} and R. {Chang} and S.
{Kulawik} and G. {Osterman} and J. {Worden}},
title = {{Impact of surface emissions to the zonal variability
of tropical tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide for
november 2004}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2008},
month = JAN,
volume = {8},
pages = {1505--1548},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACPD....8.1505B}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_chevalier.ea_carbon-monoxide,
author = {A. {Chevalier} and F. {Gheusi} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}}
and R. {Delmas} and R. {Zbinden} and G. {Athier} and
J.-M. {Cousin}},
title = {{Carbon monoxide observations from ground stations in
France and Europe and long trends in the free
troposphere}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2008},
month = FEB,
volume = {8},
pages = {3313--3356},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACPD....8.3313C}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_clerbaux.ea_carbon-monoxide,
author = {C. {Clerbaux} and D. P. {Edwards} and M. {Deeter} and
L. {Emmons} and J.-F. {Lamarque} and X. X. {Tie} and S.
T. {Massie} and J. {Gille}},
title = {{Carbon monoxide pollution from cities and urban areas
observed by the Terra/{MOPITT} mission}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2008},
month = FEB,
volume = {35},
pages = {3817-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007GL032300},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032300},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3503817C},
mailto = {ccl@aero.jussieu.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Serv Aeron, ISPL, F-75252 Paris
05, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Clerbaux, C, Univ Paris 06, UPMC, Serv Aeron, ISPL, BP
102,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key species for tracking
pollution plumes. The Measurement Of Pollution in The
Troposphere (MOPITT) mission onboard the Terra
satellite has already provided 7.5 years of CO
atmospheric concentration measurements around the
globe. Limited sensitivity to the boundary layer is
well known to be a weakness of nadir looking thermal
infrared sounders. This paper investigates the
possibility of using the MOPITT surface measurements to
detect CO emitted by cities and urban centers. By
selecting the data and averaging them over long time
periods, we demonstrate that the CO pollution arising
from the large cities and urban areas can be
distinguished from the background transported
pollution. The more favorable observations are obtained
during daytime and at locations where the thermal
contrast ( temperature gradient) between the surface
and lower atmosphere is significant.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_petersen.ea_first-ground-based,
author = {A. K. {Petersen} and T. {Warneke} and M. G. {Lawrence}
and J. {Notholt} and O. {Schrems}},
title = {{First ground-based {FTIR} observations of the
seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in the tropics}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2008},
month = FEB,
volume = {35},
pages = {3813-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007GL031393},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031393},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008GeoRL..3503813P},
mailto = {petersen@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de},
affiliation = {Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen,
Germany. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570
Bremerhaven, Germany.},
contact = {Petersen, AK, Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys,
Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{We present the first ground-based solar absorption
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometric
measurements in the inner tropics over several years.
The FTIR observations agree well with satellite data
from the MOPITT instrument. MATCH-MPIC model
simulations reproduce the mean vertical structure of
the FTIR observations. The model is generally not able
to reproduce the extreme enhancements seen during the
specific biomass burning events by both observation
instruments. Nevertheless, the model indicates that
beyond the background source of CO from methane
oxidation, the main contributions to the CO mixing
ratios are the episodic convective injection of NMHCs
and CO from South American biomass burning into the
upper troposphere, along with long range transport of
African biomass burning CO, particularly during spring.
In future studies with more extensive observed time
series, observations such as these will be valuable for
evaluating ongoing improvements in global chemistry
transport models. Citation: Petersen, A. K., T.
Warneke, M. G. Lawrence, J. Notholt, and O. Schrems
(2008), First ground-based FTIR observations of the
seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in the
tropics,}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_senten.ea_technical-note,
author = {C. {Senten} and M. {de Mazi{\`e}re} and B. {Dils} and
C. {Hermans} and M. {Kruglanski} and E. {Neefs} and F.
{Scolas} and A. C. {Vandaele} and G. {Vanhaelewyn} and
C. {Vigouroux} and M. {Carleer} and P. F. {Coheur} and
S. {Fally} and B. {Barret} and J. L. {Baray} and R.
{Delmas} and J. {Leveau} and J. M. {Metzger} and E.
{Mahieu} and C. {Boone} and K. A. {Walker} and P. F.
{Bernath} and K. {Strong}},
title = {{Technical Note: New ground-based {FTIR} measurements
at Ile de La {R}{\'e}union: observations, error
analysis, and comparisons with independent data}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2008},
month = JAN,
volume = {8},
pages = {827--891},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACPD....8..827S}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_tanimoto.ea_diagnosing-recent,
author = {H. {Tanimoto} and Y. {Sawa} and S. {Yonemura} and K.
{Yumimoto} and H. {Matsueda} and I. {Uno} and T.
{Hayasaka} and H. {Mukai} and Y. {Tohjima} and K.
{Tsuboi} and L. {Zhang}},
title = {{Diagnosing recent {CO} emissions and springtime
{O}_{3} evolution in East Asia using coordinated
ground-based observations of {O}_{3} and {CO} during
the East Asian Regional Experiment ({EAREX}) 2005
campaign}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2008},
month = FEB,
volume = {8},
pages = {3525--3561},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACPD....8.3525T}
}
@ARTICLE{2008_turquety.ea_co-emission,
author = {S. {Turquety} and C. {Clerbaux} and K. {Law} and P.-F.
{Coheur} and A. {Cozic} and S. {Szopa} and D. A.
{Hauglustaine} and J. {Hadji-Lazaro} and A. M. S.
{Gloudemans} and H. {Schrijver} and C. D. {Boone} and
P. F. {Bernath} and D. P. {Edwards}},
title = {{{CO} emission and export from Asia: an analysis
combining complementary satellite measurements
({MOPITT}, {SCIAMACHY} and {ACE}-{FTS}) with global
modeling}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2008},
month = JAN,
volume = {8},
pages = {1709--1755},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ACPD....8.1709T}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_arellano.ea_evaluating-model,
author = {A. F. Arellano and K. Raeder and J. L. Anderson and P.
G. Hess and L. K. Emmons and D. P. Edwards and G. G.
Pfister and T. L. Campos and G. W. Sachse},
title = {{Evaluating model performance of an ensemble-based
chemical data assimilation system during {INTEX}-{B}
field mission}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {7},
pages = {5695--5710},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.5695A},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Earth &
Sun Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher
Res, Inst Math Appl Geosci, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem Dynam Branch, Hampton, VA
23681 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher
Chem, Earth & Sun Syst Lab, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307
USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{We present a global chemical data assimilation system
using a global atmosphere model, the Community
Atmosphere Model (CAM3) with simplified chemistry and
the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART)
assimilation package. DART is a community software
facility for assimilation studies using the ensemble
Kalman filter approach. Here, we apply the assimilation
system to constrain global tropospheric carbon monoxide
(CO) by assimilating meteorological observations of
temperature and horizontal wind velocity and satellite
CO retrievals from the Measurement of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. We verify
the system performance using independent CO
observations taken on board the NSF/NCAR C-130 and NASA
DC-8 aircrafts during the April 2006 part of the
Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment
(INTEX-B). Our evaluations show that MOPITT data
assimilation provides significant improvements in terms
of capturing the observed CO variability relative to no
MOPITT assimilation (i.e. the correlation improves from
0.62 to 0.71, significant at 99% confidence). The
assimilation provides evidence of median CO loading of
about 150 ppbv at 700 hPa over the NE Pacific during
April 2006. This is marginally higher than the modeled
CO with no MOPITT assimilation (similar to 140 ppbv).
Our ensemble-based estimates of model uncertainty also
show model overprediction over the source region (i.e.
China) and underprediction over the NE Pacific,
suggesting model errors that cannot be readily
explained by emissions alone. These results have
important implications for improving regional chemical
forecasts and for inverse modeling of CO sources and
further demonstrate the utility of the assimilation
system in comparing non-coincident measurements, e.g.
comparing satellite retrievals of CO with in-situ
aircraft measurements.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_bhattacharjee.ea_influence-of,
author = {P. S. {Bhattacharjee} and A. K. {Prasad} and M.
{Kafatos} and R. P. {Singh}},
title = {{Influence of a dust storm on carbon monoxide and
water vapor over the {Indo-Gangetic} {Plains}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = SEP,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {18203-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007JD008469},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008469},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11218203B},
mailto = {rsingh3@gmu.edu},
affiliation = {George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth Observing & Space Res,
Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil
Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.},
contact = {Bhattacharjee, PS, George Mason Univ, Ctr Earth
Observing & Space Res, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Dust storms are meteorological phenomena that produce
air quality hazards over specific regions lasting from
a few hours to many days. They are common in the
western part of India during the months of April-June,
particularly over Delhi and the surrounding
Indo-Gangetic (IG) plains. In this paper, a dust storm
event over Delhi, Kanpur and Varanasi during 1-11 April
2005 was used to study the vertical changes in the
atmosphere. We studied data from the Measurement of
Pollution in the Atmosphere (MOPITT) instrument onboard
the Terra satellite, daytime vertical carbon monoxide (
CO) mixing ratio and the Atmospheric Infra-red Sounder
( AIRS) onboard the Aqua satellite water vapor mass
mixing ratio associated with dust storm over three
locations in the IG plains. Evidence of vertical
transport of CO to upper troposphere ( UT) is observed
from stability indices derived from radiosonde data,
NCEP reanalysis wind and HYSPLIT model over Delhi. The
strong upward convection during dust storms reduces CO
in the lower troposphere and increases CO at around 350
hPa pressure level. Water vapor mass mixing ratio shows
an increase at 700-850 hPa pressure level during the
dust storm event over all locations. The changes of
water vapor mass mixing ratio and CO during the dust
storm are found to be more pronounced over Delhi and
Kanpur while they are comparatively less over Varanasi,
due to low intensity during transport of dust from west
to east in the IG plains. The increased concentration
of CO and water vapor mass mixing ratio at different
pressure levels 350 hPa and 700-850 hPa respectively
with corresponding decrease in surface concentration (
at pressure level 700-1000 hPa and 925-1000 hPa
respectively) have been investigated during a major
dust storm period. The changes in CO and water vapor
mass mixing ratio are found to be consistent with the
observed changes in vertical stability of the
atmosphere.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_bian.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {H. {Bian} and M. {Chin} and S. R. {Kawa} and B.
{Duncan} and A. {Arellano} and P. {Kasibhatla}},
title = {{Sensitivity of global {CO} simulations to
uncertainties in biomass burning sources}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = DEC,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {23308-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD008376},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008376},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11223308B},
mailto = {bian@rondo.gsfc.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr,
Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight
Ctr, Atmospher Chem & Dynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci,
Durham, NC 27708 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder,
CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Bian, H, Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol
Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{One of the largest uncertainties for the modeling of
tropospheric carbon monoxide ( CO) concentration is the
timing, location, and magnitude of biomass burning
emissions. We investigate the sensitivity of simulated
CO in the Unified Chemistry Transport Model ( UCTM) to
several biomass burning emissions, including four
bottom-up and two top-down inventories. We compare the
sensitivity experiments with observations from MOPITT,
surface and airborne NOAA Global Monitoring Division
network data, and the TRACE-P field campaign. The
variation of the global annual emissions of these six
biomass burning inventories is within 30%; however,
their regional variations are often much higher (
factor of 2 - 5). These uncertainties translate to
about 6% variation in the global simulated CO but more
than a 100% variation in some regions. The annual mean
CO variation is greater in the Southern Hemisphere (>
12%) than in the Northern Hemisphere (< 5%), largely
because biomass burning is a higher percentage of the
total source in the Southern Hemisphere. Comparisons
with CO observations indicate that each model inventory
has its strengths and shortcomings, and these regional
variations are examined. Overall the model CO
concentrations are within the observed range of
variability at most stations including Ascension
Island, which is strongly influenced by fire emissions.
In addition, we discuss the systematic biases that
exist in the inventories developed by the similar
methodologies and original satellite data.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_bousserez.ea_evaluation-of,
author = {N. {Bousserez} and J. L. {Atti{\'e}} and V. H. {Peuch}
and M. {Michou} and G. {Pfister} and D. {Edwards} and
L. {Emmons} and C. {Mari} and B. {Barret} and S. R.
{Arnold} and A. {Heckel} and A. {Richter} and H.
{Schlager} and A. {Lewis} and M. {Avery} and G.
{Sachse} and E. V. {Browell} and J. W. {Hair}},
title = {{Evaluation of the {MOCAGE} chemistry transport model
during the {ICARTT}/{ITOP} experiment}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = MAY,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {10-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007595},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007595},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11210S42B},
mailto = {attjl@aero.obs-mip.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Toulouse 3, OMP, Lab Aerol, F-31400 Toulouse,
France. Meteo France, Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, F-31057
Toulouse, France. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Inst
Atmospher Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
Inst Environm Phys, D-28334 Bremen, Germany. Deutsch
Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-82230
Operpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany. Univ York, Dept
Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. NASA,
Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
contact = {Bousserez, N, Univ Toulouse 3, OMP, Lab Aerol, 14 Ave
Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{[1] Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and
Precursors (ITOP), part of International Consortium for
Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation
(ICARTT), was a large experimental campaign designed to
improve our understanding of the chemical
transformations within plumes during long-range
transport (LRT) of pollution from North America to
Europe. This campaign took place in July and August
2004, when a strong fire season occurred in North
America. Burning by-products were transported over
large distances, sometimes reaching Europe. A chemical
transport model, Modelisation de la Chimie
Atmospherique Grande Echelle (MOCAGE), with a high grid
resolution (0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees) over the North
Atlantic area and a daily inventory of biomass burning
emissions over the United States, has been used to
simulate the period. By comparing our results with
available aircraft in situ measurements and satellite
data (MOPITT CO and SCIAMACHY NO2), we show that MOCAGE
is capable of representing the main characteristics of
the tropospheric ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry during
the ITOP experiment. In particular, high resolution
allows the accurate representation of the pathway of
exported pollution over the Atlantic, where plumes were
transported preferentially at 6 km altitude. The model
overestimates OH mixing ratios up to a factor of 2 in
the lower troposphere, which results in a global
overestimation of hydrocarbons oxidation by-products (
PAN and ketones) and an excess of O-3 ( 30 - 50 ppbv)
in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the
continental United States. Sensitivity study revealed
that lightning NO emissions contributed significantly
to the NOx budget in the upper troposphere of northeast
America during the summer 2004.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_buchwitz.ea_three-years,
author = {M. {Buchwitz} and I. {Khlystova} and H. {Bovensmann}
and J. P. {Burrows}},
title = {{Three years of global carbon monoxide from
{SCIAMACHY:} comparison with {MOPITT} and first results
related to the detection of enhanced {CO} over
cities}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = MAY,
volume = {7},
pages = {2399--2411},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.2399B},
mailto = {michael.buchwitz@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de},
affiliation = {Univ Bremen FB1, Inst Environm Phys, Bremen,
Germany.},
contact = {Buchwitz, M, Univ Bremen FB1, Inst Environm Phys,
Bremen, Germany.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{Carbon monoxide ( CO) is an important atmospheric
constituent affecting air quality and climate.
SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is currently the only satellite
instrument that can measure the vertical column of CO
with nearly equal sensitivity at all altitudes down to
the Earth's surface because of its near-infrared nadir
observations of reflected solar radiation. Here we
present three years' ( 2003 - 2005) of SCIAMACHY CO
columns consistently retrieved with the latest version
of our retrieval algorithm (WFMDv0.6). We describe the
retrieval method and discuss the multi-year global CO
data set focusing on a comparison with the operational
CO column data product of MOPITT. We found reasonable
to good agreement ( similar to 20%) with MOPITT, with
the best agreement for 2004. We present detailed
results for various regions ( Europe, Middle East,
India, China) and discuss to what extent enhanced
levels of CO can be detected over populated areas
including individual cities. The expected CO signal
from cities is close to or even below the detection
limit of individual measurements. We show that cities
can be identified when averaging long time series.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_clerbaux.ea_co-measurements,
author = {C. {Clerbaux} and M. {George} and S. {Turquety} and K.
A. {Walker} and B. {Barret} and P. {Bernath} and C.
{Boone} and T. {Borsdorff} and J. P. {Cammas} and V.
{Catoire} and M. {Coffey} and P.-F. {Coheur} and M.
{Deeter} and M. {de Mazi{\`e}re} and J. {Drummond} and
P. {Duchatelet} and E. {Dupuy} and R. {de Zafra} and F.
{Eddounia} and D. P. {Edwards} and L. {Emmons} and B.
{Funke} and J. {Gille} and D. W. T. {Griffith} and J.
{Hannigan} and F. {Hase} and M. {H{\"o}pfner} and N.
{Jones} and A. {Kagawa} and Y. {Kasai} and I. {Kramer}
and E. {Le Flochmo{\"e}n} and N. J. {Livesey} and M.
{L{\'o}pez-Puertas} and M. {Luo} and E. {Mahieu} and D.
{Murtagh} and P. {N{\'e}d{\'e}lec} and A. {Pazmino} and
H. {Pumphrey} and P. {Ricaud} and C. P. {Rinsland} and
C. {Robert} and M. {Schneider} and C. {Senten} and G.
{Stiller} and A. {Strandberg} and K. {Strong} and R.
{Sussmann} and V. {Thouret} and J. {Urban} and A.
{Wiacek}},
title = {{{CO} measurements from the {ACE}-{FTS} satellite
instrument: data analysis and validation using
ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = OCT,
volume = {7},
pages = {15277--15340},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....715277C}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_cook.ea_forest-fire,
author = {P. A. {Cook} and N. H. {Savage} and S. {Turquety} and
G. D. {Carver} and F. M. {O'Connor} and A. {Heckel} and
D. {Stewart} and L. K. {Whalley} and A. E. {Parker} and
H. {Schlager} and H. B. {Singh} and M. A. {Avery} and
G. W. {Sachse} and W. {Brune} and A. {Richter} and J.
P. {Burrows} and R. {Purvis} and A. C. {Lewis} and C.
E. {Reeves} and P. S. {Monks} and J. G. {Levine} and J.
A. {Pyle}},
title = {{Forest fire plumes over the {North} {Atlantic:}
{p-TOMCAT} model simulations with aircraft and
satellite measurements from the {ITOP/ICARTT}
campaign}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = APR,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {10-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007563},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007563},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11210S43C},
mailto = {john.pyle@atm.ch.cam.ac.uk},
affiliation = {Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept Chem,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, England. Univ Cambridge, Natl
Environm Res Council Ctr Atmonsper Sci, Atmospher Chem
Modelling Support Unit, Cambridge, England. Harvard
Univ, Atmospher Chem Modeling Grp, Cambridge, MA USA.
Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-28359 Bremen,
Germany. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4
7TJ, Norfolk, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2
9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Leicester, Dept Chem,
Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Deutsch Zentrum Luft
& Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphaere, D-82230
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett
Field, CA 94035 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA
23681 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University
Pk, PA 16802 USA. Facil Airborne Atmospher
Measurements, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. Univ
York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England.},
contact = {Cook, PA, Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Dept
Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.},
cited = {4},
abstract = {{[ 1] Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and
Precursors (ITOP) ( part of International Consortium
for Atmospheric Research on Transport and
Transformation (ICARTT)) was an intense research effort
to measure long-range transport of pollution across the
North Atlantic and its impact on O-3 production. During
the aircraft campaign plumes were encountered
containing large concentrations of CO plus other
tracers and aerosols from forest fires in Alaska and
Canada. A chemical transport model, p-TOMCAT, and new
biomass burning emissions inventories are used to study
the emissions long-range transport and their impact on
the troposphere O-3 budget. The fire plume structure is
modeled well over long distances until it encounters
convection over Europe. The CO values within the
simulated plumes closely match aircraft measurements
near North America and over the Atlantic and have good
agreement with MOPITT CO data. O-3 and NOx values were
initially too great in the model plumes. However, by
including additional vertical mixing of O-3 above the
fires, and using a lower NO2/CO emission ratio (0.008)
for boreal fires, O-3 concentrations are reduced closer
to aircraft measurements, with NO2 closer to SCIAMACHY
data. Too little PAN is produced within the simulated
plumes, and our VOC scheme's simplicity may be another
reason for O-3 and NOx model-data discrepancies. In the
p-TOMCAT simulations the fire emissions lead to
increased tropospheric O-3 over North America, the
north Atlantic and western Europe from photochemical
production and transport. The increased O-3 over the
Northern Hemisphere in the simulations reaches a peak
in July 2004 in the range 2.0 to 6.2 Tg over a baseline
of about 150 Tg.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_deeter.ea_retrievals-of,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille}},
title = {{Retrievals of carbon monoxide profiles from {MOPITT}
observations using lognormal a priori statistics}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {11311-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007999},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007999},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11211311D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder,
CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher
Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] Optimal estimation methods, such as the ``maximum
a posteriori'' solution, are commonly employed for
retrieving profiles of atmospheric trace gases from
satellite observations. To complement the information
actually contained in the measured radiances, such
methods exploit a priori information describing the
gases' variability characteristics. We show that in
situ surface-based data sets for carbon monoxide ( CO)
volume mixing ratio (VMR) indicate that the variability
of CO is more accurately modeled in terms of a
``lognormal'' probability distribution function (PDF)
than a ``VMR-normal'' PDF. The VMR-normal PDF is
particularly poor at describing CO variability in
unpolluted conditions. We also compare retrievals of
carbon monoxide ( CO) vertical profiles based on
Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
observations for 1 day using both VMR-normal and
lognormal statistical models. Use of the lognormal
model improves retrieval convergence and yields fewer
profiles with unphysically small VMR values. Generally,
these results highlight the importance of properly
representing the variability of trace gas
concentrations in optimal estimation-based retrieval
algorithms.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_deeter.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {M. N. {Deeter} and D. P. {Edwards} and J. C. {Gille}
and J. R. {Drummond}},
title = {{Sensitivity of {MOPITT} observations to carbon
monoxide in the lower troposphere}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = DEC,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {24306-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007JD008929},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008929},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11224306D},
mailto = {mnd@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys & Atmospher Sci, Halifax, NS
B3H 4R2, Canada.},
contact = {Deeter, MN, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder,
CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{The sensitivity of Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT) observations to carbon monoxide
(CO) concentrations in the lower troposphere (LT)
varies widely as the result of variability in thermal
contrast conditions. This effect is evident in both the
MOPITT weighting functions and averaging kernels,
particularly after these quantities are properly
normalized to remove grid effects. Comparisons of
simulated weighting functions and averaging kernels
with operational data confirm the significance of
thermal contrast effects. Retrieval sensitivity to LT
CO is greatest in daytime observations over land,
particularly in tropical and midlatitude regions
exhibiting large diurnal variations in surface
temperature. Nighttime observations over land typically
exhibit poor sensitivity to LT CO. On the global scale,
analysis of MOPITT averaging kernels for 1 month
indicates that daytime MOPITT observations offer useful
sensitivity to LT CO over large areas of most
continents. Exceptions include tropical rainforests in
Africa and South America, where thermal contrast
conditions are relatively weak.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_emmons.ea_measurements-of,
author = {L. K. {Emmons} and G. G. {Pfister} and D. P. {Edwards}
and J. C. {Gille} and G. {Sachse} and D. {Blake} and S.
{Wofsy} and C. {Gerbig} and D. {Matross} and P.
{N{\'e}d{\'e}lec}},
title = {{Measurements of {Pollution} in the {Troposphere}
{(MOPITT)} validation exercises during summer 2004
field campaigns over {North} {America}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = MAR,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {12-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007833},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007833},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11212S02E},
mailto = {emmons@ucar.edu drblake@uci.edu wofsy@fas.harvard.edu
cgerbig@bgc-jena.mpg.de nedp@aero.obs-mip.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO
80307 USA. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena,
Germany. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci,
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CNRS, Lab Aerol, F-31400
Toulouse, France. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Chem & Dynam
Branch, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
contact = {Emmons, LK, Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA
92697 USA.},
cited = {5},
abstract = {{}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_freitas.ea_coupled-aerosol,
author = {S. R. {Freitas} and K. M. {Longo} and M. A. F. {Silva
Dias} and R. {Chatfield} and P. {Silva Dias} and P.
{Artaxo} and M. O. {Andreae} and G. {Grell} and L. F.
{Rodrigues} and A. {Fazenda} and J. {Panetta}},
title = {{The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the
Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric
Modeling System ({CATT}-{BRAMS}) - Part 1: Model
description and evaluation}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {7},
pages = {8525--8569},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....7.8525F}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_generoso.ea_satellite--and,
author = {S. {Generoso} and I. {Bey} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and
F.-M. {Br{\'e}on}},
title = {{A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003
{Russian} fires: {Impact} on the {Arctic} region}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = AUG,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {15302-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD008344},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008344},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11215302G},
mailto = {sylvia.generoso@epfl.ch},
affiliation = {Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Modelisat Chim
Atomospher, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Lab Aerol,
F-31400 Toulouse, France. Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,
Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette,
France.},
contact = {Generoso, S, Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab
Modelisat Chim Atomospher, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] In this paper, we address the issues of the
representation of boreal fires in a global chemistry
and transport model (GEOS-Chem) as well as their
contribution to the Arctic aerosol optical thickness
and black carbon (BC) deposition, with a focus on the
2003 Russian fires. We use satellite observations from
the MOPITT, POLDER and MODIS sensors to evaluate the
model performances in simulating the fire pollution
export over the North Pacific. Our results show that
aerosol and carbon monoxide (CO) outflow is best
reproduced in our model when fire emissions are (1)
increased to 72 Tg for CO, 0.5 Tg C for BC, and 5.3 Tg
C for organic carbon over the entire fire season; (2)
prescribed on a daily basis; and (3) injected up to 4.5
km in July and August. The use of daily, rather than
monthly, biomass burning emission inventories improves
significantly the representation of the aerosol
outflow, but has little impact on CO. The injection of
fire emissions above the boundary layer influences both
the CO and aerosol columns but only during the late
fire season. The model improvements with respect to the
standard configuration induce an increase of a factor
up to 2 on the aerosol optical thickness and the mass
of BC deposited in the Northern Hemisphere. According
to our improved simulation, the 2003 Russian fires
contributed to 16-33% of the aerosol optical thickness
and to 40-56% of the mass of BC deposited, north of 75
degrees N in spring and summer. They contribute to the
aerosol optical thickness by more than 30% during the
days of Arctic haze events in spring and summer.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_glatthor.ea_global-peroxyacetyl,
author = {N. Glatthor and T. von Clarmann and H. Fischer and B.
Funke and U. Grabowski and M. Hopfner and S. Kellmann
and A. Linden and M. Milz and T. Steck and G. P.
Stiller},
title = {{Global peroxyacetyl nitrate {(PAN)} retrieval in the
upper troposphere from limb emission spectra of the
{Michelson} {Interferometer} for {Passive}
{Atmospheric} {Sounding} {(MIPAS)}}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {7},
pages = {2775--2787},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.2775G},
mailto = {norbert.glatthor@imk.fzk.de},
affiliation = {Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Meteorol &
Klimaforsch, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. CSIC, Inst
Astrofis Andalucia, Granada, Spain.},
contact = {Glatthor, N, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst
Meteorol & Klimaforsch, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{We use limb emission spectra of the Michelson
Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)
onboard the ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) to derive
the first global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (
PAN) in the upper troposphere. PAN is generated in
tropospheric air masses polluted by fuel combustion or
biomass burning and acts as a reservoir and carrier of
NOx in the cold free troposphere. PAN exhibits
continuum-like broadband structures in the mid-infrared
region and was retrieved in a contiguous analysis
window covering the wavenumber region 775 800 cm(-1).
The interfering species CCl4, HCFC-22, H2O, ClONO2,
CH3CCl3 and C2H2 were fitted along with PAN, whereas
pre-fitted profiles were used to model the contribution
of other contaminants like ozone. Sensitivity tests
consisting in retrieval without consideration of PAN
demonstrated the existence of PAN signatures in MIPAS
spectra obtained in polluted air masses. The analysed
dataset consists of 10 days between 4 October and 1
December 2003. This period covers the end of the
biomass burning season in South America and South and
East Africa, in which generally large amounts of
pollutants are produced and distributed over wide areas
of the southern hemispheric free troposphere. Indeed,
elevated PAN amounts of 200 - 700 pptv were measured in
a large plume extending from Brasil over the Southern
Atlantic, Central and South Africa, the South Indian
Ocean as far as Australia at altitudes between 8 and 16
km. Enhanced PAN values were also found in a much more
restricted area between northern subtropical Africa and
India. The most significant northern midlatitude PAN
signal was detected in an area at 8 km altitude
extending from China into the Chinese Sea. The average
mid and high latitude PAN amounts found at 8 km were
around 125 pptv in the northern, but only between 50
and 75 pptv in the southern hemisphere. The PAN
distribution found in the southern hemispheric tropics
and subtropics is highly correlated with the jointly
fitted acetylene (C2H2), which is another pollutant
produced by biomass burning, and agrees reasonably well
with the CO plume detected during end of September 2003
at the 275 hPa level ( similar to 10 km) by the
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument on the Terra satellite. Similar southern
hemispheric PAN amounts were also observed by previous
airborne measurements performed in September/ October
1992 and 1996 above the South Atlantic and the South
Pacific, respectively.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_huntrieser.ea_lightning-produced-nox,
author = {H. Huntrieser and H. Schlager and A. Roiger and M.
Lichtenstern and U. Schumann and C. Kurz and D. Brunner
and C. Schwierz and A. Richter and A. Stohl},
title = {{Lightning-produced {NOx} over {Brazil} during
{TROCCINOX:} airborne measurements in tropical and
subtropical thunderstorms and the importance of
mesoscale convective systems}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
volume = {7},
pages = {2987--3013},
mailto = {heidi.huntrieser@dlr.de},
affiliation = {DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling,
Germany. ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Zurich,
Switzerland. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-2800
Bremen 33, Germany. Norwegian Inst Air Res, Dept Reg &
Global Pollut Issues, Kjeller, Norway.},
contact = {Huntrieser, H, DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare,
Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{During the TROCCINOX field experiments in February -
March 2004 and February 2005, airborne in situ
measurements of NO, NOy, CO, and O-3 mixing ratios and
the J(NO2) photolysis rate were carried out in the
anvil outflow of thunderstorms over southern Brazil.
Both tropical and subtropical thunderstorms were
investigated, depending on the location of the South
Atlantic convergence zone. Tropical air masses were
discriminated from subtropical ones according to the
higher equivalent potential temperature ( 2 e) in the
lower and mid troposphere, the higher CO mixing ratio
in the mid troposphere, and the lower wind velocity in
the upper troposphere within the Bolivian High ( north
of the subtropical jet stream). During thunderstorm
anvil penetrations, typically at 20 - 40 km horizontal
scales, NOx mixing ratios were distinctly enhanced and
the absolute mixing ratios varied between 0.2 - 1.6
nmol mol(-1) on average. This enhancement was mainly
attributed to NOx production by lightning and partly
due to upward transport from the NOx-richer boundary
layer. In addition, CO mixing ratios were occasionally
enhanced, indicating upward transport from the boundary
layer. For the first time, the composition of the anvil
outflow from a large, long-lived mesoscale convective
system (MCS) advected from northern Argentina and
Uruguay was investigated in more detail. Over a
horizontal scale of about 400 km, NOx, CO and O-3
absolute mixing ratios were significantly enhanced in
these air masses in the range of 0.6 1.1, 110 - 140 and
60 - 70 nmol mol(-1), respectively. Analyses from trace
gas correlations and a Lagrangian particle dispersion
model indicate that polluted air masses, probably from
the Buenos Aires urban area and from biomass burning
regions, were uplifted by the MCS. Ozone was distinctly
enhanced in the aged MCS outflow, due to photochemical
production and entrainment of O-3-rich air masses from
the upper troposphere - lower stratosphere region. The
aged MCS outflow was transported to the north, ascended
and circulated, driven by the Bolivian High over the
Amazon basin. In the observed case, the O-3-rich MCS
outflow remained over the continent and did not
contribute to the South Atlantic ozone maximum.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_hyer.ea_effects-of,
author = {E. J. {Hyer} and E. S. {Kasischke} and D. J. {Allen}},
title = {{Effects of source temporal resolution on transport
simulations of boreal fire emissions}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = JAN,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {1302-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007234},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007234},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11201302H},
mailto = {edward.hyer@nrlmry.navy.mil},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA USA.
Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk,
MD 20742 USA.},
contact = {Hyer, EJ, Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD
20742 USA.},
cited = {2},
abstract = {{The quality of temporal information from daily burned
area inputs was evaluated using a transport and
chemistry experiment. Carbon monoxide emissions from
boreal forest fires were estimated using burned area
inputs with daily resolution. Averaging of emissions
data to create 30-day aggregate data reduced the
variance by 80%, indicating a substantial loss of
information. Data from Russia, Canada, and Alaska were
tested for periodicity to uncover systematic gaps in
daily data. Some evidence of periodicity was found in
data from Alaska, where temporal information came from
fire mapping by the Alaskan Fire Service.
Autocorrelation decayed rapidly and nearly
monotonically for Canada and Russia, where temporal
information came from Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite observations. Daily data
as well as 7-day and 30-day aggregates were used as
input to the University of Maryland Atmospheric
Chemistry and Transport Model, and output was compared
with CO observations from the Cooperative Air Sampling
Network (CASN); continuous measurements from Mace Head,
Ireland; and total column CO retrievals from the
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument. CASN flask measurements showed no
sensitivity to high-frequency variability in the
source, indicating the effectiveness of the filtering
protocol at ensuring only well-mixed air masses are
sampled in this data set. Differences between daily and
7-day simulations were too small for quantitative
comparison in any of the data. For cases where the
differences were substantial, simulations using daily
and 7-day average sources agreed better with
observations than 30-day average sources.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_hyer.ea_examining-injection,
author = {E. J. {Hyer} and D. J. {Allen} and E. S. {Kasischke}},
title = {{Examining injection properties of boreal forest fires
using surface and satellite measurements of {CO}
transport}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = SEP,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {18307-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD008232},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008232},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11218307H},
mailto = {edward.hyer@nrlmry.navy.mil},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk,
MD 20742 USA.},
contact = {Hyer, EJ, Naval Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div,
Monterey, CA 93943 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Boreal forest fires are highly variable in space and
time and also have variable vertical injection
properties. We compared a University of Maryland
Chemistry and Transport Model ( UMD- CTM) simulation of
boreal forest fire CO in the summer of 2000 to surface
observations from the NOAA Cooperative Air Sampling
Network and satellite observations of CO from the
Measurement of Pollutants in the Troposphere ( MOPITT)
instrument to investigate the sensitivity of these
measurements to injection height and to evaluate the
bulk injection properties of the boreal fire source.
Our results show that emissions at the surface produce
more than twice the signal in surface CO measurements
compared with emissions injected into the upper
troposphere. Surface injection yielded the best
agreement with surface observations, but high- altitude
injection resulted in very small variations at the
surface, and so the statistical comparison with surface
observations was inconclusive. Because of the vertical
sensitivity of MOPITT, estimated total CO burden north
of 30 degrees N was 10% higher for upper tropospheric
injection of boreal forest fire CO compared to surface
release. We used a contrast filter to select the MOPITT
retrievals most sensitive to boreal forest fire
injection height and found that the best agreement
between simulation results and MOPITT observations was
obtained with midtropospheric injection of emissions
and with pressure- weighted distribution of emissions
through the tropospheric column. Appendix A uses CTM
output to examine quantitatively the bias and errors in
calculations of total column CO and total CO burden
using MOPITT CO retrievals.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_ito.ea_seasonal-and,
author = {A. {Ito} and A. {Ito} and H. {Akimoto}},
title = {{Seasonal and interannual variations in {CO} and {BC}
emissions from open biomass burning in {Southern}
{Africa} during 1998-2005}},
journal = {Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle},
year = {2007},
month = MAY,
volume = {21},
pages = {B2011+},
doi = {10.1029/2006GB002848},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002848},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GBioC..21B2011I},
mailto = {akinorii@jamstec.go.jp},
affiliation = {JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change, Kanazawa Ku,
Kanagawa 2360001, Japan.},
contact = {Ito, A, JAMSTEC, Frontier Res Ctr Global Change,
Kanazawa Ku, 3173-25 Showa Machi, Kanagawa 2360001,
Japan.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{We estimate the emissions of carbon monoxide ( CO)
and black carbon ( BC) from open vegetation fires in
the Southern Hemisphere Africa from 1998 to 2005 using
satellite information in conjunction with a
biogeochemical model. Monthly burned areas at a
0.5-degree resolution are estimated from the Visible
InfraRed Scanner ( VIRS) fire count product and the
MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS)
burned area data set associated with the MODIS tree
cover imagery in grasslands and woodlands. The monthly
fuel load distributions are derived from a 0.5-degree
terrestrial carbon cycle model in conjunction with
satellite data. The monthly maps of combustion factors
and emission factors are estimated using empirical
models that predict the effects of fuel conditions on
these factors in grasslands and woodlands. Our annually
averaged effective CO and BC emissions per area burned
are 27 g CO m(-2) and 0.17 g BC m(-2) which are
consistent with the products of fuel consumption and
emission factors typically measured in southern Africa.
The CO and BC emissions from open vegetation burning in
southern Africa range from 45 Tg CO yr(-1) and 0.26 Tg
BC yr(-1) for 2002 to 75 Tg CO yr(-1) and 0.42 Tg BC
yr(-1) for 1998. The monthly averaged burned areas from
VIRS fire counts peak earlier than modeled CO
emissions. This characteristic delay between burned
areas and emissions is mainly explained by significant
changes in combustion factors for woodlands in our
model. Consequently, the peaks in CO and BC emissions
from our bottom-up approach are identical to those from
previous top-down estimates using the Measurement Of
the Pollution In The Troposphere ( MOPITT) and the
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) Aerosol Index
( AI) data.}},
issn = {0886-6236}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_jones.ea_inversion-analysis,
author = {D. B. A. {Jones} and K. W. {Bowman} and J. A. {Logan}
and C. L. {Heald} and J. {Liu} and M. {Luo} and J.
{Worden} and J. {Drummond}},
title = {{Inversion analysis of carbon monoxide emissions using
data from the {TES} and {MOPITT} satellite
instruments}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = DEC,
volume = {7},
pages = {17625--17662},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....717625J}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_jones.ea_modis-derived,
author = {T. A. {Jones} and S. A. {Christopher}},
title = {{{MODIS} derived fine mode fraction characteristics of
marine, dust, and anthropogenic aerosols over the
ocean, constrained by {GOCART}, {MOPITT}, and {TOMS}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {22204-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007JD008974},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008974},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11222204J},
mailto = {tjones@nsstc.uah.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35806
USA.},
contact = {Jones, TA, Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Huntsville, AL 35806 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{One year (December 2003 to November 2004) of Terra
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS),
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
data over the open ocean are used in conjunction with
the Goddard Chemistry Transport Model (GOCART) to
characterize differing aerosol types as a function of
satellite observable parameters. GOCART model output is
used to select regions that are dominated (at least 80%
of the total aerosol optical thickness from a single
aerosol species) by anthropogenic (black carbon +
organic carbon + sulfate), dust (DU) and sea salt
regions (SS). Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and fine
mode fraction (FMF) retrieved from MODIS are averaged
for each aerosol species region at 1 month intervals to
examine the observational differences among each
aerosol species. Anthropogenic (AN) aerosols are
further separated into those produced primarily from
biomass burning (BB) versus those from combustion and
industrial pollution (PO). TOMS ultraviolet absorbing
aerosol index (AI) in conjunction with MOPITT carbon
monoxide (CO) data sets on Terra are used to contrast
the differences between BB and PO aerosol properties.
Annually averaged estimates for SS, DU, and AN MODIS
FMF are 0.25 +/- 0.07, 0.45 +/- 0.05, and 0.84 +/-
0.04, respectively, in agreement with or slightly lower
than previous estimates. However, FMF values were
observed to change substantially as a function of space
and time as regions dominated by single aerosol types
shrink, expand, and move around from month to month.
The greatest variability in FMF was observed for SS and
DU aerosols. SS are associated with regions of high
near-surface wind speeds in the Southern Hemisphere,
which have large temporal and spatial variations. Dust
transport off of the Saharan Desert is maximized in the
Northern Hemisphere summer, increasing the area of
predominately dust aerosols. MODIS aerosol effective
radius for each aerosol type also showed a similar
trend with SS, DU, and AN values of 1.03, 0.68, and
0.32 mu m. TOMS-AI values for DU exceeded SS and AN
values up to 100% between April and October 2004 in
association with the greatest dust concentrations in
the North Atlantic. For BB and PO components of AN
aerosols, no significant difference in MODIS FMF were
observed; however, substantial differences in TOMS-AI
and MOPITT values were observed between BB and PO
aerosols, especially between June and November. For
both TOMS-AI and MOPITT CO, BB aerosols are generally
associated with higher values than are PO aerosols. The
use of GOCART to constrain regions where a dominant
aerosol species exists has allowed a comprehensive
analysis of the satellite observed properties of
various aerosol species.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_kampe.ea_remote-sensing,
author = {T. U. {Kampe} and I. N. {Sokolik}},
title = {{Remote sensing retrievals of fine mode aerosol
optical depth and impacts on its correlation with {CO}
from biomass burning}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {34},
pages = {12806-+},
doi = {10.1029/2007GL029805},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029805},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3412806K},
mailto = {isokolik@eas.gatech.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, ATOC,
Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth
& Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.},
contact = {Kampe, TU, Univ Colorado, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci,
ATOC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{It has been suggested that simultaneous satellite
measurements of mid-visible fine mode aerosol optical
depth tau(f) and CO concentrations can aid in improving
the characterization of biomass burning in chemical
transport models. However different approaches for
retrieving tau(f) have recently been proposed. Using
MODIS and MOPITT data, we examine the impact these have
on the regression slope between enhancements of tau(f)
and CO (Delta tau(f)/Delta CO) for representative
biomass burning cases, including savanna and
extratropical forests. Both MODIS Collection 4 and
recent Collection 5 aerosol products are used in our
study. We find that tau(f) varies systematically with
retrieval method causing systematic differences in the
slope of regression. Regardless of method used,
noticeable differences in regression slope are observed
for different types of biomass burning. Our results
point out the need for consistency in defining tau(f)
between satellite measurements and models if the Delta
tau(f)/Delta CO ratio is to be used as a constraint.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_laat.ea_scanning-imaging,
author = {A. T. J. de Laat and A. M. S. Gloudemans and I. Aben
and M. Krol and J. F. Meirink and G. R. van der Werf
and H. Schrijver},
title = {{Scanning {Imaging} {Absorption} {Spectrometer} for
{Atmospheric} {Chartography} carbon monoxide total
columns: {Statistical} evaluation and comparison with
chemistry transport model results}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
volume = {112},
pages = {},
mailto = {jos.de.laat@knmi.nl},
affiliation = {SRON, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht,
IMAU, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. Free Univ
Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1085 HV Amsterdam,
Netherlands. Wageningen Univ, Meteorol & Air Qual Grp,
Wageningen, Netherlands.},
contact = {de Laat, ATJ, Royal Dutch Meteorol Inst, De Bilt,
Netherlands.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{This paper presents a detailed statistical analysis
of one year (September 2003 to August 2004) of global
Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for
Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) carbon monoxide
(CO) total column retrievals from the Iterative Maximum
Likelihood Method (IMLM) algorithm, version 6.3.
SCIAMACHY provides the first solar reflectance
measurements of CO and is uniquely sensitive down to
the boundary layer. SCIAMACHY measurements and
chemistry transport model (CTM) results are compared
and jointly evaluated. Significant improvements in
agreement occur, especially close to biomass burning
emission regions, when the new Global Fire Emissions
Database version 2 (GFEDv2) is used with the CTM.
Globally, the seasonal variation of the model is very
similar to that of the SCIAMACHY measurements. For
certain locations, significant differences were found,
which are likely related to modeling errors due to CO
emission uncertainties. Statistical analysis shows that
differences between single SCIAMACHY CO total column
measurements and corresponding model results are
primarily explained by random instrument noise errors.
This strongly suggests that the random instrument noise
errors are a good diagnostic for the precision of the
measurements. The analysis also indicates that noise in
single SCIAMACHY CO measurements is generally greater
than actual variations in total columns. It is thus
required to average SCIAMACHY data over larger temporal
and spatial scales to obtain valuable information.
Analyses of monthly averaged SCIAMACHY measurements
over 3 degrees x 2 degrees geographical regions
indicates that they are of sufficient accuracy to
reveal valuable information about spatial and temporal
variations in CO columns and provide an important tool
for model validation. A large spatial and temporal
variation in instrument noise errors exists which shows
a close correspondence with the spatial distribution of
surface albedo and cloud cover. This large spatial
variability is important for the use of monthly and
annual mean SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements. The
smallest instrument noise errors of monthly mean 3
degrees x 2 degrees SCIAMACHY CO total columns
measurements are 0.01 x 10(18) molecules cm 2 for high
surface albedo areas over the Sahara. Errors in
SCIAMACHY CO total column retrievals due to errors
other than instrument noise, like cloud cover,
calibration, retrieval uncertainties and averaging
kernels are estimated to be about 0.05-0.1 x 10(18)
molecules/ cm 2 in total. The bias found between model
and observations is around 0.05-0.1 10(18) molecules/
cm 2 (or about 5%) which also includes model errors.
This thus provides a best estimate of the currently
achievable measurement accuracy for SCIAMACHY CO
monthly mean averages.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_liang.ea_summertime-influence,
author = {Q. Liang and L. Jaegle and R. C. Hudman and S.
Turquety and D. J. Jacob and M. A. Avery and E. V.
Browell and G. W. Sachse and D. R. Blake and W. Brune
and X. Ren and R. C. Cohen and J. E. Dibb and A. Fried
and H. Fuelberg and M. Porter and B. G. Heikes and G.
Huey and H. B. Singh and P. O. Wennberg},
title = {{Summertime influence of {Asian} pollution in the free
troposphere over {North} {America}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
volume = {112},
pages = {},
mailto = {liang@code916.gsfc.nasa.gov
jaegle@atmos.washington.edu hudman@fas.harvard.edu
turquety@aero.jussieu.fr djacob@fas.harvard.edu
melody.a.avery@nasa.gov e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov
g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov drblake@uci.edu
brune@ems.psu.edu ren@essc.psu.edu
cohen@cchem.berkeley.edu jack.dibb@unh.edu
fried@ucar.edu fuelberg@met.fsu.edu mporter@met.fsu.edu
bheikes@gsu.uri.edu greg.huey@eas.gatech.edu
hanwant.b.singh@nasa.gov wennberg@gps.caltech.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195
USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA
02138 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681
USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697
USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA
16802 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA
94720 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr,
Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div
Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Florida State
Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ
Rhode Isl, Dept Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02881 USA.
Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci,
Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett
Field, CA 94035 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.},
contact = {Liang, Q, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt
Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{[1] We analyze aircraft observations obtained during
INTEX-A ( 1 July to 14 August 2004) to examine the
summertime influence of Asian pollution in the free
troposphere over North America. By applying correlation
analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to the
observations between 6 and 12 km, we find dominant
influences from recent convection and lightning (13% of
observations), Asia (7%), the lower stratosphere ( 7%),
and boreal forest fires (2%), with the remaining 71%
assigned to background. Asian air masses are marked by
high levels of CO, O-3, HCN, PAN, C2H2, C6H6, methanol,
and SO42-. The partitioning of NOy species in the Asian
plumes is dominated by PAN ( similar to 600 pptv), with
varying NOx/HNO3 ratios in individual plumes,
consistent with individual transit times of 3 - 9 days.
Export of Asian pollution occurred in warm conveyor
belts of midlatitude cyclones, deep convection, and in
typhoons. Compared to Asian outflow measurements during
spring, INTEX-A observations display lower levels of
anthropogenic pollutants (CO, C3H8, C2H6, C6H6) due to
shorter summer lifetimes; higher levels of biogenic
tracers ( methanol and acetone) because of a more
active biosphere; and higher levels of PAN, NOx, HNO3,
and O-3 reflecting active photochemistry, possibly
enhanced by efficient NOy export and lightning. The
high Delta O-3/Delta CO ratio (0.76 mol/mol) in Asian
plumes during INTEX-A is due to strong photochemical
production and, in some cases, mixing with
stratospheric air along isentropic surfaces. The
GEOS-Chem global model captures the timing and location
of the Asian plumes. However, it significantly
underestimates the magnitude of observed enhancements
in CO, O-3, PAN and NOx.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_lin.ea_new-method,
author = {Y. P. Lin and C. S. Zhao and L. Peng and Y. Y. Fang},
title = {{A new method to calculate monthly {CO} emissions
using {MOPITT} satellite data}},
journal = {Chin. Sci. Bull.},
year = {2007},
volume = {52},
pages = {2551--2558},
mailto = {yplin@pek.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing
100871, Peoples R China. Princeton Univ, Atmospher &
Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.},
contact = {Lin, YP, Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{A new method is developed to calculate monthly CO
emission data using MOZART modeled and MOPITT observed
CO data in 2004. New CO emission data were obtained
with budget analysis of the processes controlling CO
concentration such as surface emission, transport,
chemical transform and dry deposition. MOPITT data were
used to constrain the model simulation. New CO emission
data agree well with Horowitz's emissions in the
spatial distributions. Horowitz's emissions are found
to underestimate CO emissions significantly in the
industrial areas of Asia and North America, where high
CO emissions are mainly due to the anthropogenic
activities. New CO emissions can better reflect the
more recent CO actual emissions than Horowitz's.}},
issn = {1001-6538}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_longo.ea_coupled-aerosol,
author = {K. M. {Longo} and S. R. {Freitas} and A. {Setzer} and
E. {Prins} and P. {Artaxo} and M. O. {Andreae}},
title = {{The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the
Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric
Modeling System ({CATT}-{BRAMS}) - Part 2: Model
sensitivity to the biomass burning inventories}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {7},
pages = {8571--8595},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....7.8571L}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_loughner.ea_method-to,
author = {C. P. Loughner and D. J. Lary and L. C. Sparling and
R. C. Cohen and P. DeCola and W. R. Stockwell},
title = {{A {Method} to {Determine} the {Spatial} {Resolution}
{Required} to {Observe} {Air} {Quality} {From}
{Space}}},
journal = {IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing},
year = {2007},
volume = {45},
pages = {1308--1314},
mailto = {David.Lary@umbc.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk,
MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Div
Atmospher Chem, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland
Baltimore Cty, GEST, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ
Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250
USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Lawrence Berkeley
Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley,
Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab,
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley
Atmospher Sci Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl
Aeronaut & Space Adm, Washington, DC USA. Howard Univ,
Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA.},
contact = {Loughner, CP, Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean
Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Satellite observations have the potential to provide
an accurate picture of atmospheric chemistry and air
quality on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A
key consideration in the design of new instruments is
the spatial resolution required to effectively monitor
air quality from space. In this paper, variograms have
been used to address this issue by calculating the
horizontal length scales of ozone within the boundary
layer and free troposphere using both in situ aircraft
data from five different NASA aircraft campaigns and
simulations with an air-quality model. For both the
observations and the model, the smallest scale features
were found in the boundary layer, with a characteristic
scale of about 50 km which increased to greater than
150 km above the boundary layer. The length scale
changes with altitude. It is shown that similar length
scales are derived based on a totally independent
approach using constituent lifetimes and typical wind
speeds. To date, the spaceborne observations of
tropospheric constituents have been from several
instruments including TOMS, GOME, MOPITT, TES, and OMI
which, in general, have different weighting functions
that need to be considered, and none really measures at
the surface. A further complication is that most
satellite measurements (such as those of OMI and GOME)
are of the vertically integrated column. In this paper,
the length scales in the column measurements were also
of the order of 50 km. To adequately resolve the 50-km
features, a horizontal resolution of at least 10 km
would be desirable.}},
issn = {0196-2892}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_luo.ea_comparison-of,
author = {M. {Luo} and C. P. {Rinsland} and C. D. {Rodgers} and
J. A. {Logan} and H. {Worden} and S. {Kulawik} and A.
{Eldering} and A. {Goldman} and M. W. {Shephard} and M.
{Gunson} and M. {Lampel}},
title = {{Comparison of carbon monoxide measurements by {TES}
and {MOPITT:} {Influence} of a priori data and
instrument characteristics on nadir atmospheric species
retrievals}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = MAY,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {9303-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007663},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007663},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11209303L},
mailto = {mluo@jpl.nasa.gov},
affiliation = {CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA,
Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Oxford,
Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. Harvard Univ,
Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ
Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Atmospher &
Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Raytheon
Informat Solut, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.},
contact = {Luo, M, CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr,
Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.},
cited = {3},
abstract = {{Comparisons of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO)
volume mixing ratio profiles and total columns are
presented from nadir-viewing measurements made by the
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the NASA
Aura satellite and by the Measurements of Pollution in
the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument on the NASA Terra
satellite. In this paper, we first explore the factors
that relate the retrieved and the true species
profiles. We demonstrate that at a given location and
time the retrieved species profiles reported by
different satellite instrument teams can be very
different from each other. We demonstrate the influence
of the a priori data and instrument characteristics on
the CO products from TES and MOPITT and on their
comparisons. Direct comparison of TES and MOPITT
retrieved CO profiles and columns show significant
differences in the lower and upper troposphere. To
perform a more proper and rigorous comparison between
the two instrument observations we allow for different
a priori profiles and averaging kernels. We compare (1)
TES retrieved CO profiles adjusted to the MOPITT a
priori with the MOPITT retrievals and (2) the above
adjusted TES CO profiles with the MOPITT profiles
vertically smoothed by the TES averaging kernels. These
two steps greatly improve the agreement between the CO
profiles and the columns from the two instruments. No
systematic differences are found as a function of
latitude in the final comparisons. These results show
that knowledge of the a priori profiles, the averaging
kernels, and the error covariance matrices in the
standard data products provided by the instrument teams
and understanding their roles in the retrieval products
are essential in quantitatively interpreting both
retrieved profiles and the derived total or partial
columns for scientific applications.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_mari.ea_tracing-biomass,
author = {C. H. {Mari} and G. {Cailley} and L. {Corre} and M.
{Saunois} and J. L. {Atti{\'e}} and V. {Thouret} and A.
{Stohl}},
title = {{Tracing biomass burning plumes from the Southern
Hemisphere during the {AMMA} 2006 wet season
experiment}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {7},
pages = {17339--17366},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....717339M}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_peng.ea_analysis-of,
author = {L. Peng and C. S. Zhao},
title = {{Analysis of carbon monoxide budget in {North}
{China}}},
journal = {Chemosphere},
year = {2007},
volume = {66},
pages = {1383--1389},
mailto = {zcs@pku.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing 100871,
Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing
100081, Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept
Civil & Struct Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R
China.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing
100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{A global chemical transport model (MOZART-2; model of
ozone and related tracers, version 2) was used to
assess physical and chemical processes that control the
budget of tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO) in North
China. Satellite observations of CO from the
measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument are combined with model results for the
analysis. The comparison between the model simulations
and the satellite observations of total column CO (TCO)
shows that the model can reproduce the spatial and
temporal distributions. However, the model results
underestimate TCO by 23% in North China. This
underestimation of TCO may be caused by the
uncertainties of emissions. The tropospheric CO budget
analysis suggests that in North China, surface emission
is the largest source of tropospheric CO. The main
sinks of tropospheric CO in this region are chemical
reaction and stratosphere(-)and(-)troposphere exchange.
The analysis also shows that most of inflow CO to
Pacific regions comes from the upwind regions of North
China. This transport of CO is significant during
Winter and Spring time. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.}},
issn = {0045-6535}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_ricaud.ea_impact-of,
author = {P. {Ricaud} and B. {Barret} and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and
E. {Motte} and E. {Le Flochmo{\"e}n} and H.
{Teyss{\`e}dre} and V.-H. {Peuch} and N. {Livesey} and
A. {Lambert} and J.-P. {Pommereau}},
title = {{Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere
exchange in the tropics}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {7},
pages = {5639--5657},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.5639R},
mailto = {philippe.ricaud@aero.obs-mip.fr},
affiliation = {Univ Toulouse 1, CNRS, UMR 5560, Lab Aerolog, F-31042
Toulouse, France. Ctr Natl Res Meteorol, Meteo France,
Toulouse, France. NASA, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA
USA. CNRS, Serv Aeron, Verrieres Le Buisson, France.},
contact = {Ricaud, P, Univ Toulouse 1, CNRS, UMR 5560, Lab
Aerolog, F-31042 Toulouse, France.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{The mechanism of troposphere-stratosphere exchange in
the tropics was investigated from space-borne
observations of the horizontal distributions of
tropospheric-origin long-lived species, nitrous oxide
(N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO), from 150
to 70 hPa in March-April-May by the ODIN/Sub-Millimeter
Radiometer (SMR), the Upper Atmosphere Research
Satellite (UARS)/Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)
and the TERRA/Measurements Of Pollution In The
Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments in 2002-2004,
completed by recent observations of the AURA/Microwave
Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument during the same season in
2005. The vertical resolution of the satellite
measurements ranges from 2 to 4 km. The analysis has
been performed on isentropic surfaces: 400 K (lower
stratosphere) for all the species and 360 K (upper
troposphere) only for CO. At 400 K (and 360 K for CO),
all gases show significant longitudinal variations with
peak-to-trough values of similar to 5-11 ppbv for N2O,
0.07-0.13 ppmv for CH4, and similar to 10 ppbv for CO
(similar to 40 ppbv at 360 K). The maximum amounts are
primarily located over Africa and, depending on the
species, secondary more or less pronounced maxima are
reported above northern South America and South-East
Asia. The lower stratosphere over the Western Pacific
deep convective region where the outgoing longwave
radiation is the lowest, the tropopause the highest and
the coldest, appears as a region of minimum
concentration of tropospheric trace species. The
possible impact on trace gas concentration at the
tropopause of the inhomogeneous distribution and
intensity of the sources, mostly continental, of the
horizontal and vertical transports in the troposphere,
and of cross-tropopause transport was explored with the
MOCAGE Chemistry Transport Model. In the simulations,
significant longitudinal variations were found on the
medium-lived CO (2-month lifetime) with peak-to-trough
value of similar to 20 ppbv at 360 K and similar to 10
ppbv at 400 K, slightly weaker than observations.
However, the CH4 (8-10 year lifetime) and N2O (130-year
lifetime) longitudinal variations are significantly
weaker than observed: peak-to-trough values of similar
to 0.02 ppmv for CH4 and 1-2 ppbv for N2O at 400 K. The
large longitudinal contrast of N2O and CH4
concentrations reported by the space-borne instruments
at the tropopause and in the lower stratosphere not
captured by the model thus requires another
explanation. The suggestion is of strong overshooting
over land convective regions, particularly Africa, very
consistent with the space-borne Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar maximum overshooting
features over the same region during the same season.
Compared to observations, the MOCAGE model forced by
ECMWF analyses is found to ignore these fast local
uplifts, but to overestimate the average uniform
vertical transport in the UTLS at all longitudes in the
tropics.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_teyssedre.ea_new-chemistry-climate,
author = {H. {Teyss{\`e}dre} and M. {Michou} and H. L. {Clark}
and B. {Josse} and F. {Karcher} and D. {Olivi{\'e}} and
V.-H. {Peuch} and D. {Saint-Martin} and D. {Cariolle}
and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and P. {Ricaud} and R. J. {van
der A} and F. {Ch{\'e}roux}},
title = {{A new chemistry-climate tropospheric and
stratospheric model {MOCAGE}-Climat: evaluation of the
present-day climatology and sensitivity to surface
processes}},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry \& Physics Discussions},
year = {2007},
month = AUG,
volume = {7},
pages = {11295--11398},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACPD....711295T}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_teyssedre.ea_new-tropospheric,
author = {H. {Teyss{\`e}dre} and M. {Michou} and H. L. {Clark}
and B. {Josse} and F. {Karcher} and D. {Olivi{\'e}} and
V.-H. {Peuch} and D. {Saint-Martin} and D. {Cariolle}
and J.-L. {Atti{\'e}} and P. {N{\'e}d{\'e}lec} and P.
{Ricaud} and V. {Thouret} and R. J. {van der A} and A.
{Volz-Thomas} and F. {Ch{\'e}roux}},
title = {{A new tropospheric and stratospheric {Chemistry} and
{Transport} {Model} {MOCAGE-Climat} for multi-year
studies: evaluation of the present-day climatology and
sensitivity to surface processes}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2007},
month = NOV,
volume = {7},
pages = {5815--5860},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.5815T},
mailto = {hubert.teyssedre@meteo.fr},
affiliation = {CNRM Meteo France, GAME, Toulouse, France. CERFACS,
F-31057 Toulouse, France. Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, Lab
Aerol, F-31062 Toulouse, France. Royal Netherlands
Meteorol Inst, KNMI, NL-3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands.
Inst Chem & Dynam Geosphere, Julich, Germany.},
contact = {Teyssedre, H, CNRM Meteo France, GAME, Toulouse,
France.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{We present the configuration of the Meteo-France
Chemistry and Transport Model (CTM) MOCAGE-Climat that
will be dedicated to the study of chemistry and climate
interactions. MOCAGE-Climat is a state-of-the-art CTM
that simulates the global distribution of ozone and its
precursors (82 chemical species) both in the
troposphere and the stratosphere, up to the
mid-mesosphere (similar to 70 km). Surface processes
(emissions, dry deposition), convection, and scavenging
are explicitly described in the model that has been
driven by the ECMWF operational analyses of the period
2000-2005, on T21 and T42 horizontal grids and 60
hybrid vertical levels, with and without a procedure
that reduces calculations in the boundary layer, and
with on-line or climatological deposition velocities.
Model outputs have been compared to available
observations, both from satellites (TOMS, HALOE, SMR,
SCIAMACHY, MOPITT) and in-situ instrument measurements
(ozone sondes, MOZAIC and aircraft campaigns) at
climatological timescales. The distribution of
long-lived species is in fair agreement with
observations in the stratosphere putting aside the
shortcomings associated with the large-scale
circulation. The variability of the ozone column, both
spatially and temporarily, is satisfactory. However,
because the Brewer-Dobson circulation is too fast, too
much ozone is accumulated in the lower to
mid-stratosphere at the end of winter. Ozone in the
UTLS region does not show any systematic bias. In the
troposphere better agreement with ozone sonde
measurements is obtained at mid and high latitudes than
in the tropics and differences with observations are
the lowest in summer. Simulations using a simplified
boundary layer lead to larger ozone differences between
the model and the observations up to the
mid-troposphere. NOx in the lowest troposphere is in
general overestimated, especially in the winter months
over the Northern Hemisphere, which may result from a
positive bias in OH. Dry deposition fluxes of O-3 and
nitrogen species are within the range of values
reported by recent inter-comparison model exercises.
The use of climatological deposition velocities versus
deposition velocities calculated on-line had greatest
impact on HNO3 and NO2 in the troposphere.}},
issn = {1680-7316}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_turquety.ea_inventory-of,
author = {S. Turquety and J. A. Logan and D. J. Jacob and R. C.
Hudman and F. Y. Leung and C. L. Heald and R. M.
Yantosca and S. L. Wu and L. K. Emmons and D. P.
Edwards and G. W. Sachse},
title = {{Inventory of boreal fire emissions for {North}
{America} in 2004: {Importance} of peat burning and
pyroconvective injection}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = APR,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {12-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007281},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007281},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11212S03T},
mailto = {stu@aero.jussieu.fr},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder,
CO 80307 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci,
Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth &
Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NASA, Langley
Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Univ Paris 06, Inst
Pierre Simon Laplace, Serv Aeron, F-75005 Paris,
France.},
contact = {Turquety, S, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher
Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {20},
abstract = {{The summer of 2004 was one of the largest fire
seasons on record for Alaska and western Canada. We
construct a daily bottom-up fire emission inventory for
that season, including consideration of peat burning
and high-altitude (buoyant) injection, and evaluate it
in a global chemical transport model (the GEOS-Chem
CTM) simulation of CO through comparison with MOPITT
satellite and ICARTT aircraft observations. The
inventory is constructed by combining daily area burned
reports and MODIS fire hot spots with estimates of fuel
consumption and emission factors based on ecosystem
type. We estimate the contribution from peat burning
using drainage and peat distribution maps for Alaska
and Canada; 17% of the reported 5.1 x 10(6) ha burned
were located in peatlands in 2004. Our total estimate
of North American fire emissions during the summer of
2004 is 30 Tg CO, including 11 Tg from peat. Including
peat burning in the GEOS-Chem simulation improves
agreement with MOPITT observations. The long-range
transport of fire plumes observed by MOPITT suggests
that the largest fires injected a significant fraction
of their emissions in the upper troposphere.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_warner.ea_comparison-of,
author = {J. Warner and M. M. Comer and C. D. Barnet and W. W.
McMillan and W. Wolf and E. Maddy},
title = {{A comparison of satellite tropospheric carbon
monoxide measurements from {AIRS} and {MOPITT} during
{INTEX}-{A}}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2007},
month = JUN,
volume = {112},
number = D11,
pages = {12-+},
doi = {10.1029/2006JD007925},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007925},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11212S17W},
mailto = {juying@umbc.edu},
affiliation = {Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst
Technol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NOAA, Ctr Satellite
Applicat & Res, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ
Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Phys, Baltimore, MD 21250
USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Langley
Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
contact = {Warner, J, Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr
Earth Syst Technol, 5523 Res Pk, Baltimore, MD 21250
USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Satellite CO measurements from Measurements of
Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and Atmospheric
Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were used in the
Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North
America (INTEX-A) by the flight planning team to
monitor local emissions and the transport of polluted
air masses. Because simultaneous measurements of
tropospheric CO from both AIRS and MOPITT were used by
different investigators during this experiment, a cross
reference and comparison are necessary to understand
these two data sets and their impacts to the scientific
conclusions developed from them. The global CO mixing
ratios at 500 mbar, as well as the CO total column
amount, are compared between the two instruments for
both direct comparison and the comparison using the
same a priori profile for the period from 15 June to 14
August 2004. Also presented are the comparisons of the
remotely sensed profiles by AIRS, MOPITT, and the in
situ profiles collected by the DACOM. In summary, both
sensors agree very well on the horizontal distributions
of CO represented by the high correlation coefficients
(0.7-0.98), and they agree on the CO concentrations to
within an average of 10-15 ppbv. Over land, the CO
variability is higher, and the correlations between the
two data sets are relatively lower than over ocean;
however, there is no evidence of a systematic bias.
Over the oceans where the CO concentration is smaller
in the lower atmosphere, AIRS-MOPITT show a positive
bias of 15-20 ppbv and the details are presented.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_zhao.ea_high-co,
author = {C. S. Zhao and L. Peng and X. X. Tie and Y. P. Lin and
C. C. Li and X. D. Zheng and Y. Y. Fang},
title = {{A high {CO} episode of long-range transport detected
by {MOPITT}}},
journal = {Water Air Soil Pollut.},
year = {2007},
volume = {178},
pages = {207--216},
mailto = {zcs@pku.edu.cn},
affiliation = {Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci, Beijing
100871, Peoples R China. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res,
Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci,
Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.},
contact = {Zhao, CS, Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher Sci,
Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.},
cited = {1},
abstract = {{Recent developments in satellite remote sensing
technologies resulted in the ability to observe major
pollution events such as dust and smoke around the
world on a daily basis. Satellite imagery can sometimes
detect long-range transport episodes. In this paper, a
high CO episode at remote GAW station, Mt. Waliguan,
detected by MOPITT CO dataset during the end of April
2002, is described. CO concentrations above 600 hPa
almost doubled on 27 April and CMDL surface sample
measurements also observed this significant CO
enhancement. Using NCEP data, satellite fire products
data and backward trajectory model we suggest that this
high CO episode of 27 April is not a local pollution
event, but that it is due to long-range transport from
active biomass burning and biofuel burning areas
located in the border areas of Pakistan and India. The
trajectory cluster analysis shows that the origins of
5-day backward trajectories, for air masses reaching
Mt. Waliguan station, at all altitudes, mainly overlap
with the fire spot locations detected by TRMM data and
biofuel burning in India.}},
issn = {0049-6979}
}
@ARTICLE{2007_zhou.ea_nast-i-tropospheric,
author = {D. K. Zhou and A. M. Larar and X. Liu and W. L. Smith
and J. P. Taylor and S. M. Newman and G. W. Sachse and
S. A. Mango},
title = {{{NAST}-{I} tropospheric {CO} retrieval validation
during {INTEX-NA} and {EAQUATE}}},
journal = {Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.},
year = {2007},
volume = {133},
pages = {233--241},
mailto = {daniel.k.zhou@nasa.gov},
affiliation = {NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Hampton
Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison,
WI USA. Met Off, Exeter, Devon, England. NPOESS
Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD USA.},
contact = {Zhou, DK, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 401 A,
Hampton, VA 23681 USA.},
cited = {0},
abstract = {{Troposphere carbon monoxide (CO), as well as other
trace species retrieved with advanced ultraspectral
remote sensors of Earth observing satellites, is
critical in air quality observation, modelling, and
forecasting. The retrieval algorithm and the accuracy
of the parameters retrieved from passive satellite
remote sounders must be validated. The Intercontinental
Chemical Transport Experiment - North America (INTEXNA)
and the European Aqua Thermodynamic Experiment
(EAQUATE) provide important validation of satellite
observations with ongoing satellite measurement
programmes such as Terra, Aura, and Aqua. One of the
experimental objectives is to validate chemical species
observed from ultraspectral sounders with aircraft in
situ measurements, such as the NPOESS Airborne Sounder
Testbed-Interferometer (NAST-I). Detailed
intercomparisons between aircraft in situ measured and
NAST-I retrieved CO profiles were performed to assess
the retrieval capability of a passive infrared spectral
remote sounder. Validation results illustrate that the
CO vertical structure can be obtained by the NAST-I.
The thermal radiances are most sensitive to CO
emissions from the free troposphere. However, the
profile retrieval accuracy depends on the CO
uncertainty in the terrestrial boundary layer. It is
shown here that the CO distribution in the terrestrial
boundary layer over the sea cannot be obtained with
reliable accuracy where there is little contrast
between the surface air and surface skin temperature.
Copyright (C) 2007 Royal Meteorological Society.}},
issn = {0035-9009}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_arellano.ea_sensitivity-of,
author = {A. F. Arellano and P. G. Hess},
title = {{Sensitivity of top-down estimates of {CO} sources to
{GCTM} transport}},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
year = {2006},
volume = {33},
pages = {},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder,
CO 80307 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher
Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {4},
abstract = {{Estimates of CO sources derived from inversions using
satellite observations still exhibit discrepancies.
Here, we conduct controlled inverse analyses to
elucidate the influence of model transport on the
robustness of regional CO source estimates. We utilized
Model of Ozone and Related chemical Tracers global
chemical transport models (GCTM) driven by National
Centers for Environmental Prediction and European
Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalyses,
and GEOS-Chem GCTM driven by Global Modeling and
Assimilation Office assimilated meteorology to generate
response functions for prescribed regional CO sources.
We find that inter-model differences in CO due to
differences in transport are within 10 - 30% of
inter-model mean CO concentration. However, these
differences can translate to regionally significant
spread in source estimates. While we find that CO
source estimates for East Asia and North Africa are
reasonably robust, we find inconsistencies and
inter-model spread of greater than 40% in our source
estimates for Indonesia, South America, Europe and
Russia. This indicates the need for rigorous assessment
on uncertainties in top-down source estimates through
model inter-comparisons and ensemble approaches.}},
issn = {0094-8276}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_arellano.ea_time-dependent-inversion,
author = {A. F. {Arellano} and P. S. {Kasibhatla} and L.
{Giglio} and G. R. {van der Werf} and J. T. {Randerson}
and G. J. {Collatz}},
title = {{Time-dependent inversion estimates of global
biomass-burning {CO} emissions using {Measurement} of
{Pollution} in the {Troposphere} {(MOPITT)}
measurements}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = MAY,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {9303-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006613},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006613},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11109303A},
mailto = {arellano@ucar.edu},
affiliation = {Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham,
NC 27708 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD USA.
Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, NL-1081 HV
Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth
Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NASA, Goddard Space
Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.},
contact = {Arellano, AF, Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher
Chem, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.},
cited = {7},
abstract = {{[ 1] We present an inverse-modeling analysis of CO
emissions using column CO retrievals from the
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)
instrument and a global chemical transport model
(GEOS-CHEM). We first focus on the information content
of MOPITT CO column retrievals in terms of constraining
CO emissions associated with biomass burning and fossil
fuel/biofuel use. Our analysis shows that seasonal
variation of biomass-burning CO emissions in Africa,
South America, and Southeast Asia can be characterized
using monthly mean MOPITT CO columns. For the fossil
fuel/biofuel source category the derived monthly mean
emission estimates are noisy even when the error
statistics are accurately known, precluding a
characterization of seasonal variations of regional CO
emissions for this source category. The derived
estimate of CO emissions from biomass burning in
southern Africa during the June - July 2000 period is
significantly higher than the prior estimate ( prior,
34 Tg; posterior, 13 Tg). We also estimate that
emissions are higher relative to the prior estimate in
northern Africa during December 2000 to January 2001
and lower relative to the prior estimate in Central
America and Oceania/Indonesia during April - May and
September - October 2000, respectively. While these
adjustments provide better agreement of the model with
MOPITT CO column fields and with independent
measurements of surface CO from National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and
Diagnostics Laboratory at background sites in the
Northern Hemisphere, some systematic differences
between modeled and measured CO fields persist,
including model overestimation of background surface CO
in the Southern Hemisphere. Characterizing and
accounting for underlying biases in the measurement
model system are needed to improve the robustness of
the top-down estimates.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_beer_tes-on,
author = {R. Beer},
title = {{{TES} on the aura mission: scientific objectives,
measurements, and analysis overview}},
journal = {Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on},
year = {2006},
volume = {44},
pages = {1102--1105},
abstract = {The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) is a
high-resolution infrared imaging Fourier transform
spectrometer specifically aimed at determining the
chemical state of the Earth's lower atmosphere (the
troposphere). In particular, TES produces vertical
profiles 0-32 km of important pollutant and greenhouse
gases such as carbon monoxide, ozone, methane, and
water vapor on a global scale every other day.},
issn = {0196-2892}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_bowman_transport-of,
author = {K. P. {Bowman}},
title = {{Transport of carbon monoxide from the tropics to the
extratropics}},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.},
year = {2006},
month = JAN,
volume = {111},
number = D10,
pages = {2107-+},
doi = {10.1029/2005JD006137},
doiurl = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006137},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11102107B},
mailto = {k-bowman@tamu.edu},
affiliation = {Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX
77843 USA.},
contact = {Bowman, KP, Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, 3150
TAMU, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.},
cited = {2},
abstract = {{[1] Global observations of carbon monoxide ( CO) from
the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere
(MOPITT) instrument on the NASATerra satellite and
three-dimensional trajectories computed from analyzed
winds are used independently to study the transport of
air from the tropics to the extratropics. During
southern hemisphere spring ( September through
November), biomass burning in the southern tropics
produces large-scale plumes of CO. These plumes can be
easily distinguished from the clean air of the southern
hemisphere extratropics. Both total column CO maps and
latitude-height cross-sections of CO show a strong
gradient of CO between 30 and 40 degrees S.
Climatological trajectory calculations show that air
originating in the lower troposphere near the tropical
biomass-burning regions generally rises into the middle
and upper troposphere, where it is entrained in the
equatorward side of the subtropical jet. While the
zonal dispersion of air parcels within the tropics and
subtropics is relatively rapid, air disperses rather
slowly across the jet. The MOPITT CO data thus confirm
the results from the trajectory analysis that transport
from the tropics to the extratropics is a comparatively
slow process. This gives rise to the appearance of
``transport barriers'' in the subtropics.}},
issn = {0148-0227}
}
@ARTICLE{2006_buchwitz.ea_atmospheric-carbon,
author = {M. {Buchwitz} and R. {de Beek} and S. {No{\"e}l} and
J. P. {Burrows} and H. {Bovensmann} and O. {Schneising}
and I. {Khlystova} and M. {Bruns} and H. {Bremer} and
P. {Bergamaschi} and S. {K{\"o}rner} and M. {Heimann}},
title = {{Atmospheric carbon gases retrieved from {SCIAMACHY}
by {WFM}-{DOAS}: version 0.5 {CO} and {CH}_{4} and
impact of calibration improvements on {CO}_{2}
retrieval}},
journal = {Atmos. Chem. Phys.},
year = {2006},
month = JUL,
volume = {6},
pages = {2727--2751},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ACP.....6.2727B},
mailto = {michael.buchwitz@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de},
affiliation = {Univ Bremen, FB1, Inst Environm Phys IUP, Bremen,
Germany. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr,
EC JRC IES, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21020 Ispra,
Italy. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Jena, Germany.},
contact = {Buchwitz, M, Univ Bremen, FB1, Inst Environm Phys IUP,
Bremen, Germany.},
cited = {8},
abstract = {{The t